Violence and Aggression Exam 2

Mass Murder

1) Four or more victims in one location or one general point in time

2) All part of the same emotional experience

3) Often take their own lives or commit "suicide by cop"

Spree Murder

Taking the lives of several victims over a short period of time without a cooling-off period

Characteristics of Serial Murderers

1) Typically male and white

2) Most kill alone

3) Most also have previous criminal records

What is MacDonald's homicidal triad?

1) Bed-wetting past an appropriate age

2) Cruelty to animals

3) Fire-setting

(Current research says bed-wetting can be caused by other factors, but harming animals is consistent with this)

Elder Abuse Victimization/Perpetration

Victims: dementia, social isolation, abused by family, embarrassed or unable to report

Perpetrators: financial exploitation, living situation, caregiver stress

Culture of Honor

Belief that one should respond to an attack on one's family (usually female family members), self, or property with aggression

Profile/Patterns for School Shooters

Lack of encouragement or self-esteem, childhood instability, neglect, white males, socially isolated, morally righteous, lack cultural capital

Profile/Patterns for Workplace Shooters

Employment disputes, middle-aged white men, frustrated and angry, see themselves as law-abiding

Profile/Patterns for Family Homicide Perpetrators

Father murders wife or ex-wife, children and/or stepchildren, and sometimes family pet

Profile/Patterns for Medical Murderers

Kill several victims per month during active phase, playing God/her for attention and control, choose vulnerable populations, usually female, typically use poison

Profile/Patterns for Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MBP)

Making oneself or others sick or faking illness to attract attention or sympathy, ignored as children

Profile/Patterns for General Mass Shooters

Premeditated, can be selective with victims (aimed at those who they feel have done them wrong), gun corrects perceived power imbalance

What are the types of domestic homicide?

Parricide, patricide, matricide, siblicide, fratricide, sororicide, filicide, and familicide

What are the gaps in research on domestic homicide?

Domestic homicide figures involving the LGBTQ+ community are not officially tracked in any systematic way

Learned Helplessness

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

Abandonment Rage

When a move to terminate the relationship occasionally becomes the innocent precipitant to murder

Burning Bed Case

After years of domestic abuse, Francine Moran Hughes set fire to the bed of her ex-husband

Possible Solutions for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Increasing availability of social and legal interventions

What is the role of stress in intimate partner violence (IPV)?

Increase the likelihood of aggressive behaviors

Why is it difficult to gage the full extent of serial murder?

Media hype/hysteria and overlooked victims,

What type of drinking can increase the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV)?

Binge drinking

Risk Factors/Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence

Economic distress, shorter relationship duration, mismatch in gender roles, substance abuse, large numbers of children, living conditions, situational stressors (i.e. heat)

Child Abuse Victimization/Perpetration

Victims: fearful or incapable of reporting, cultural norms surrounding physical punishment

Perpetrators: stress of poverty, lack of social support, substance abuse, cycle of violence

What are the problems with detecting and addressing intimate partner violence (IPV), child abuse, and elder abuse?

Invisibility of family violence (private), cultural norms (gender roles, intervention discouraged since it's family, etc.), may be difficult to recognize signs

What are problems with detecting and addressing stalking and cyber stalking?

Hard to keep pace with technology, can occur in many forms, hard to identify, anonymity through social media

What specific tactics are commonly employed by stalkers?

1) Hyperintimacy

2) Mediated contact

3) Interactional contact

4) Surveillance

5) Invasion

6) Harassment and intimidation

7) Coercion and threat

What types of abuse does family violence encompass? IPV?

Elder abuse, IPV, and child abuse

What role does violent media play in aggression (i.e. porn, TV, and video games)?

Increases aggressive behavior through 1) imitation, 2) cognitive priming, 3) legitimization/justification, 4) desensitization, 5) arousal

Instinct Theories

1) Charles Darwin: aggressive behavior is an evolutionary adaptation for better survival

2) Sigmund Freud: human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts

3 Target Characteristics Related to Aggression

1) Gender and race

2) Attributions for the aggressor's attack

3) Retaliatory capacity

Hostile Expectation

Tendency to assume that people will reach to potential conflicts with aggression

How is culture of honor related to the role of gender in aggression?

Men are more likely to endorse this ideology than women are

Why has there been a decline in spousal homicide?

Divorce rates are rising = changes in living arrangements

What are the three types of multicide?

1) Mass murder

2) Spree murder

3) Serial murder

Serial Murder

Murdering a number of people over weeks, months, or years, but in between their attacks living relatively normal lives

Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Theory (a.k.a Cycle of Violence)

Those who experience and/or witness violence as children are more likely to become violent in adulthood compared to children do no experience or witness violence

The Catharsis Hypothesis

States that we can purge ourselves of hostile emotions by experiencing these emotions while acting aggressively (studies have shown that it does reduce aggression, but conditions are key)

What is the role of gender roles in some cases of intimate partner violence (IPV)?

Traditional gender roles can normalize control and dominance for men in relationships (masculinity vs. femininity)

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