Anatomy & Physiology - Body Movements and Muscles

These flashcards cover key terms related to body movements, muscles of the head and neck, and relevant anatomical concepts as discussed in the anatomy and physiology lecture.

Flexion

Movement of a body part anterior (posterior) to the coronal plane; decreases angle between bones.

Extension

Opposite of flexion; increases angle between bones.

Hyperextension

Joint extended more than 180 degrees.

Lateral Flexion

Trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally.

Abduction

Lateral movement of body part away from midline.

Adduction

Medial movement of body part toward midline.

Circumduction

Movement makes an imaginary cone shape resulting from flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction combined.

Pronation

Rotational motion where the forearm turns palm down.

Supination

Rotational motion where the forearm turns palm up.

Origin

Less movable attachment of a muscle.

Insertion

More movable attachment of a muscle, usually pulled toward the origin.

Agonist

Muscle that contracts to produce a movement.

Antagonist

Muscle actions which oppose that of the agonist.

Synergist

Muscle assisting the agonist, contributing to tension close to insertion.

Fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers that can be arranged in different patterns such as circular, parallel, convergent, and pennate.

Epicranius

Muscle comprised of two bellies, frontal and occipital, controlling movements of the scalp.

Muscles of Mastication

Muscles involved in chewing, which include temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid.

Suprahyoid Muscles

Muscles superior to the hyoid bone that elevate the hyoid during swallowing.

Infrahyoid Muscles

Muscles inferior to the hyoid bone that influence the position of the hyoid and larynx during swallowing.

Pharyngeal Constrictors

Muscles that constrict the pharynx sequentially to force a bolus into the esophagus.

Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

Muscles that control eye movements, including superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique.