Ap Euro 3

Corporate banks

are financial institutions that provide services to corporations, including loans, treasury management, and investment banking.

Trans-siberian Railroad

A network of railways in Russia, connecting Moscow with the Far East, facilitating transportation and trade.

Thomas Malthus

An economist and demographer known for his theories on population growth and its relationship to resources, predicting that population will outpace food supply.

Proletariat

The working class in a capitalist society, who sell their labor for wages and often have little ownership of production means.

cult of domesticity

A prevailing value system in the 19th century emphasizing women's roles as devoted wives and mothers, promoting ideals of purity, piety, and submissiveness.

demographic transition

The model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as it develops economically and socially.

Socialism

economic and political system where the means of production (like factories and resources) are owned and regulated collectively, often by the state, to reduce inequality and provide for everyone’s basic needs.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848 that outlines the goals of communism and criticizes capitalist society

Luddites

19th‑century English workers who destroyed industrial machines because they believed the new technology was threatening their jobs and livelihoods.

Chartist

British reformers who campaigned for political changes like universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and fairer representation through the People’s Charter.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and statesman who led European diplomacy after the Napoleonic Wars, especially at the Congress of Vienna, promoting conservative rule and efforts to suppress nationalism and liberalism.

Concert of Europe

A system of cooperation among major European powers after the Napoleonic Wars where they met regularly to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutions.

Edmund Burke

18th‑century British politician and writer known for defending traditional institutions and criticizing the radical French Revolution, helping shape modern conservative thought.

The Sorrows of the Young Werther

novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe about a sensitive young man whose unrequited love and strong emotions lead him to despair, helping inspire the Romantic movement in literature.

Gothic Literature

style of fiction that uses mystery, horror, and supernatural or dark settings—like old castles or haunted houses—to explore intense emotions and fear.

Decembrist Revolt

A failed 1825 uprising by Russian army officers in St. Petersburg who opposed Tsar Nicholas I and wanted constitutional government and an end to absolute monarchy.

Zollverein

customs union led by Prussia that removed tariffs between many German states to create free trade and encourage economic unity.

Ultraroyalist

extreme royalist conservatives in early 1800s France who backed absolute monarchy, strong kingly power, and the old social order against liberal and revolutionary ideas.

Louis XVIII

king of France (1814–1824, except during the Hundred Days) restored after Napoleon’s fall, who tried to balance a constitutional monarchy with preserving many privileges of the old royal and noble order.

Reform Bill of 1832

British law that expanded the right to vote to more middle‑class men, reduced representation for “rotten boroughs,” and slightly redistributed seats in Parliament to better reflect growing industrial towns.

corn laws

British grain tariffs keeping prices high for landowning farmers.

Johan Goethe

Major German writer whose works like Faust shaped Romanticism.

Ivanhoe

1819 historical novel by Sir Walter Scott set in medieval England.

Peterloo massacre

incident in Manchester where cavalry charged a peaceful crowd demanding political reform, killing and injuring many protesters.

Quadruple Alliance

A coalition of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed in 1815 after Napoleon’s defeat to preserve the balance of power in Europe and stop future French aggression.

plebiscite

A direct vote by all eligible citizens on a specific issue or proposal.

Napoleon III

nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who ruled France first as president (1848–1852) and then as emperor (1852–1870), promoting economic modernization and nationalism before being defeated in the Franco‑Prussian War.

Crimean war

A conflict from 1853–1856 where Russia fought an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia mainly over control and influence in the Black Sea region and protection of the Ottoman Empire.

Victor Emmanuel II

king of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a unified Italy in 1861, working with leaders like Cavour and Garibaldi to bring the Italian states together.

Camillo Benso di Cavour

prime minister of Sardinia‑Piedmont who used diplomacy and war to help unify Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II in the mid‑1800s.

Florence Nightingale

British nurse during the Crimean War who improved hospital conditions, greatly reduced soldier deaths, and helped establish modern professional nursing.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist military leader whose volunteer army, the “Red Shirts,” conquered southern Italy and helped unite it with the north under King Victor Emmanuel II.

Realpolitik

style of politics based on practical power and national interest rather than on ideals or moral principles.

the Third Republic

the republican government of France from 1870 to 1940, created after Napoleon III’s fall, marked by a weak presidency, strong parliament, and frequent political instability.

Dreyfus Affair

French political scandal where a Jewish army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was wrongly convicted of treason, exposing deep anti‑Semitism and divisions in French society.

Pan-Slavism

movement calling for unity and cooperation of all Slavic peoples, often led by Russia, and used to justify support for Slavs under foreign rule

Bolsheviks

radical socialist group in Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in the 1917 October Revolution and created a communist government.

Marie Curie

Polish‑French scientist who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium and became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian doctor who founded psychoanalysis, a method of studying and treating the mind that emphasized the unconscious, dreams, and childhood experiences.

Cubism

early 20th‑century art movement, led by Picasso and Braque, that broke objects into geometric shapes and showed multiple viewpoints at once instead of realistic perspective.

Tropical dependencies

colonies in tropical regions where a small number of European officials ruled over large Indigenous populations, relying heavily on local labor and resources.

Settlement colonies

colonies where large numbers of Europeans settled permanently, often displacing Indigenous populations and creating societies dominated by settlers.

nawabs

local Indian rulers or governors under the Mughal Empire and later under British influence, who controlled regional territories and collected taxes.

Canton system

Qing Dynasty trade system (1700s–1800s) that restricted foreign trade with China to the port of Canton (Guangzhou), where approved Chinese merchants controlled and supervised all trade with Westerners.

Berlin Conference

meeting where European powers divided Africa into colonies and set rules for claiming territory, with no African representatives.

Balkan League

Alliance of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro (1912) to drive the Ottoman Empire out of the Balkans.

Scramble for Africa

Late 1800s race where European powers rapidly conquered and divided most of Africa.

The Origin of species

An 1859 book by Charles Darwin that explained evolution by natural selection

Indentured servants

Workers who signed a contract to labor for a set number of years in exchange for passage, food, or land, especially in colonies.

Opium wars

wars where Britain (later with other powers) forced China to keep ports open to opium and foreign trade.