AP World Causes and effects

This card deck has content about the causes and impacts for important events in AP World. It will help a lot with DBQs and LEQs.

Indian Ocean Trade Causes

• The establishment of maritime trade routes by European powers

• The development of new navigational tech like the compass and the astrolabe

• The spread of Islam- facilitated trade relationships across different cultures

• The rise of powerful coastal states in East and South Africa

Indian Ocean Trade Impacts

• Increased commerce and cultural exchange among regions, including Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

• The exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies led to the growth of influential cities and states, as well as the spread of religions and languages across the trade network.

Silk Route Causes

• The desire for luxury goods like silk and spices

• The establishment of trade networks connecting East and West

• The expansion of empires and the need for new markets

• The spread of cultures and ideas across different civilizations

Silk Route Impacts

• Enhanced cultural, technological, and religious exchanges between the East and West.

• The rise of wealthy merchant cities along the route, contributing to economic prosperity in connected regions.

• The growth of trade networks fostered interactions that led to the spread of innovations and knowledge.

• Increased demand for goods resulted in the establishment of thriving marketplaces and enhanced connectivity between civilizations.

• Enhanced cultural, technological, and religious exchanges between the East and West.

• The rise of wealthy merchant cities along the route, contributing to economic prosperity in connected regions.

• The growth of trade networks fostered interactions that led to the spread of innovations and knowledge.

• Increased demand for goods resulted in the establishment of thriving marketplaces and enhanced connectivity between civilizations.

Bubonic Plague Causes

• The movement of traders and goods along trade routes

• Increased population density in cities, leading to unsanitary conditions

• Lack of medical knowledge and poor responses to outbreaks

Bubonic Plague Impacts

• Significant population decline in Europe, leading to labor shortages and economic changes.

• Increased public awareness of hygiene and health practices, eventually contributing to advances in medicine.

Mercantilism Causes

• Competition for resources and trade routes

• Desire for increased power and influence among European nations

• Establishment of colonies to secure raw materials and markets for goods

• Rise of naval power to protect trade interests

• Expansion of manufacturing to enhance exports.

• Growth of national economies and the need for wealth accumulation through trade

Ming Dynasty Causes

• Desire for centralized political power and stability

• Economic prosperity leading to agricultural advancements

• Rebellion against Mongol rule and restoration of Han Chinese governance

Song Dynasty Causes

• Advancements in trade and agriculture, leading to economic growth

• Cultural flourishing, including art and literature

• Political stability and innovation in governance

• Inventions such as gunpowder and the compass

Song Dynasty Impacts

• Major advancements in technology, including gunpowder and printing

• Growth of trade networks and urbanization

• Flourishing of arts and culture, leading to a vibrant intellectual climate

• Increased agricultural production through innovations in farming techniques

• Establishment of a more complex bureaucracy and civil service system.

Factors Contributing to Song Dynasty’s Economic Strength

• Inherited prosperity - built upon growth from earlier dynasties (Sui and Tang)

• Population growth - doubled between 8th and 50 centuries

• Commercialization- Increased production of goods for trade across Eurasia (porcelain, silk)

• Technological innovations, such as advancements in agriculture (Champa rice) and engineering

• Strong transportation networks facilitating trade and communication

• Establishment of a meritocratic civil service exam system that improved governance

• Tribute system

Abbasid Caliphate Causes

• The decline of the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to a power vacuum

• Strong trade networks facilitating cultural exchange

• Support from Persian and non-Arab populations

• The emphasis on knowledge and intellectualism, influencing governance and culture.

Abbasid Caliphate Impacts

Reignited trade across the Silk Road, fostering cultural and scientific exchanges. Established a golden age of learning and innovation in the arts, mathematics, and medicine.

Delhi Sultanate Causes

• The decline of the Ghurid Empire, leading to a power grab by local rulers

• Political fragmentation in northern India

• The establishment of trade routes, leading to cultural and economic interactions

• Recruitment of military support from Turkic and Afghan warriors.

• Conversion of local rulers to Islam.

Delhi Sultanate Impacts

The establishment of a centralized government in India, fostering the spread of Islam. It also led to the creation of a rich cultural synthesis between Indian and Islamic traditions.

Rajput Kingdoms Causes

• Fragmentation of power in northern India

• Rise of local chieftains and clans

• Invasions by external forces, including Turks and Afghans

• Cultural and military exchanges with neighboring regions.

Rajput Kingdoms Impacts

The Rajput Kingdoms had significant effects on Indian society and politics, including the consolidation of regional power, the establishment of a warrior class, and the promotion of art and culture through patronage. They also resisted foreign invasions, notably from the Mughals, and contributed to the complex feudal structure in India.

Aztec Civilization Causes

• Development of agricultural techniques, including chinampas

• Expansion of trade networks

• Centralization of power under strong rulers

• Influence of neighboring Mesoamerican cultures.

Aztec Civilization Impacts

• Establishment of a complex social hierarchy,

• expansion of territorial claims,

• flourishing of arts and architecture

• military conquests.

• The Aztecs also developed a tribute system that significantly influenced surrounding regions.

Aztec Civilization Control Methods

• The Aztec Civilization employed various control methods,

• including military conquest

• the establishment of client states

• implementation of a tribute system that ensured economic dominance and political loyalty among conquered peoples.

Inca Empire Causes

• Advances in agriculture, including terrace farming

• Creation of extensive road systems

• Development of centralized government and strong leadership

• Incorporation of local cultures through integration and diplomacy.

Inca Empire Control Methods

• The Inca Empire utilized control methods such as a vast system of roads for communication and troop movement,

• a centralized bureaucracy for governance

• a labor tax system called mita to mobilize resources and labor from conquered peoples.

Swahili Civilianization (East Africa) Causes

• The rise of trade networks across the Indian Ocean,

• The blending of Bantu and Arab cultures through interactions,

• The development of city-states that facilitated commerce and cultural exchange.

Swahili Civilization Continuity

• The Swahili city-states maintained trade networks across the Indian Ocean, influencing culture and commerce.

Empires of West Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) Causes

• The trans-Saharan trade routes that connected West Africa to North Africa,

• The integration of Islamic culture and trade practices from the Middle East,

• The abundance of natural resources, particularly gold, which attracted trade and wealth.

Empires of West Africa (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) Continuity

• The West African empires sustained wealth and power through the control of trade routes

• resource management, particularly gold mining, fostering Islamic scholarship and architecture.

Great Zimbabwe Causes (Southern Africa)

• The flourishing trade networks, particularly in gold and ivory, connected Great Zimbabwe to coastal ports.

Great Zimbabwe (Southern Africa) Contunity

• The continuation of trade networks and resource management, enabling Great Zimbabwe to maintain its economic and political power.

Khwarazm Campaign Causes

• The Khwarazm Campaign was initiated by Genghis Khan due to the breakdown of diplomatic relations

• the desire to control trade routes and expand Mongol influence in Central Asia.

Yuan Dynasty Causes

• The desire for expansion and control of trade routes, along with the weakening of the Song Dynasty, led to the rise of the Yuan Dynasty under Mongol rule.

Golden Horde Causes

• The fragmentation of Kievan Rus' and the Mongol desire for territorial expansion contributed to the rise of the Golden Horde.

Yuan Dynasty Impacts

• The establishment of Mongol rule in China, significant cultural exchange between Mongol and Chinese civilizations,

• advancements in trade and infrastructure.

Golden Horde Impacts

• The establishment of Mongol dominance in Eastern Europe, increased trade across the vast territories, and significant cultural interactions between the Mongols and local populations.

Axum Impacts

• The rise of trade networks across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, the spread of Christianity, and the establishment of a powerful trading empire.

Reconquista Causes

• The desire to reclaim land from Muslim rule, the rise of Christian kingdoms in Spain, and the influence of the papacy in promoting crusading efforts.

Recinquista Impacts

• The consolidation of Christian territories in the Iberian Peninsula,

• cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims

• the establishment of the Spanish Empire.

Inca Society - inventions

• The development of advanced agricultural techniques

• extensive road systems

• unique architectural styles such as adobe construction.

Seven Years’ War Causes

• Colonial rivalry between Britain and France,

• competition for trade routes

• territorial disputes in North America.

Seven Years’ War Impacts

• Redrawing of global power dynamics,

• Increased British colonial dominance,

• Financial strain leading to American Revolution.

Protestant Reformation Causes

• Corruption within the Catholic Church,

• Rise of humanism,

• Translation of the Bible into vernacular languages.

Protestant Reformation Impacts

• Strengthening of Protestant denominations,

• Religious conflicts across Europe,

• Decreased power of the Catholic Church.

Witch Hunt Causes

• Societal fear and paranoia,

• Religious extremism,

• Socio-economic tensions.

Witch hunt Impacts

• Persecution of accused witches,

• Increased social tensions,

• Strain on community trust.

Thirty Years’ War Causes

• Political power struggles

• Protestant and Catholic tensions,

• Territorial disputes,

• Economic competition,

• Dynastic conflicts,

• Involvement of external powers.

Thirty Years War Impacts

• Massive population loss,

• Economic decline in affected regions,

• Altered power dynamics in Europe,

• Rise of state sovereignty.

Spanish Inquisition Causes

• Religious zealotry,

• Political power struggles,

• Efforts to maintain Catholic hegemony.

Spanish Inquisition Impacts

• Persecution of non-Catholics,

• Increased tensions between religions,

• Strengthening of the Catholic Church's authority.

Peace of Westphalia Causes

• The Peace of Westphalia was primarily caused by a desire to end the Thirty Years' War

• ongoing religious conflicts

• need for political power restoration among European nations.

Peace of Westphalia Impacts

• Recognition of state sovereignty,

• End of large-scale religious wars in Europe,

• Establishment of a new political order.

Joint Stock Companies Causes

• The formation of joint stock companies was caused by the need for funding large-scale ventures, such as overseas exploration and colonization, and the desire to spread risk among multiple investors.

Joint Stock Companies Impacts

• Expansion of trade and investment opportunities,

• Growth of colonial empires,

• Increase in capitalism as more people participated in the economy.

Putting Out System Causes

• The need for increased production efficiency and lower labor costs led to the development of the putting out system, allowing merchants to outsource textile production to rural households.

Putting out system Impacts

• the putting out system led to the decentralization of production,

• increased textile output

• allowed workers to have more control over their own work schedules and conditions.

Scientific Revolution Causes

• The questioning of traditional authority and the pursuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation led to new scientific ideas and advancements.

Scientific Revolution Impacts

• The Scientific Revolution resulted in the advancement of knowledge in fields such as astronomy and physics, promoted the scientific method, and challenged traditional beliefs, leading to increased emphasis on reason and empirical evidence.

Encomienda Causes

• The Spanish conquest of Native American territories and the need for labor to extract resources led to the establishment of the encomienda system.

Encomienda Impacts

• The encomienda system led to the exploitation and decline of Indigenous populations in the Americas, the establishment of a rigid class system, and the spread of European culture and disease.

Treaty of Tordesilla Causes

• The desire for territorial expansion and competition between Spain and Portugal in the New World led to the Treaty of Tordesillas, which aimed to divide newly discovered lands.

Treaty of Tordesilla Impacts

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, leading to colonial expansion and competition in the Americas.

Mita system Causes

• The need for labor in Spanish mines and agriculture, along with the demographic decline of Indigenous populations, resulted in the implementation of the Mita system, which coerced Indigenous people into labor.

Mita system Impacts

The Mita system forced indigenous people to work in mines and on agricultural plantations, resulting in increased exploitation, demographic decline due to harsh conditions, and significant changes in local economies.

Fur Trade Causes

• The fur trade was driven by European demand for fur goods, particularly in fashion and for insulation,

• leading to increased interactions with Indigenous populations.

Fur Trade impacts

• leading to economic dependence of Indigenous groups on European traders,

• profound changes in their traditional lifestyles,

• increased competition among tribes.

Trans Saharan Trade Causes

The Trans-Saharan trade was primarily caused by the demand for gold, salt, and other goods in North Africa, facilitating connections between Sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean economies.

Trans Saharan Trade Impacts

• resulted in increased wealth and power for trading cities such as Timbuktu, - facilitated cultural and religious exchanges between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, - led to the spread of Islam in West Africa.

Antonian Movement Causes

• The Antonian Movement was largely caused by the desire for cultural and religious identity among the Kongo people, exacerbated by Portuguese colonial influences and the spread of Christianity.

Antonian Movement Impacts

• led to the establishment of a distinct Christian faith that blended Kongo traditions, - increased resistance against colonial powers, - fostered a sense of unity and identity among the Kongo people.

Capitalism Impacts

• led to economic growth and innovation, - contributed to the rise of the bourgeoisie, - resulted in increased global trade and investment.

Mercantilism Impacts

• promoted colonial expansion, - increased competition between European powers for trade, - led to the accumulation of wealth for merchant classes.

Syncretic Religions Causes

• arise from the blending of different cultural and religious beliefs, - influenced by colonial encounters and trade, - reflect the need for cultural adaptation and spiritual continuity.

Syncretic Religions Impacts

• blended different religious beliefs, - fostered cultural exchange and tolerance, - often emerged in colonial contexts.

Isolation of Japan Causes

• Isolation of Japan was influenced by internal stability, desire to limit foreign influence

• the Tokugawa shogunate's policies, which aimed to maintain control over Japan's society and culture.

Isolation of Japan Impacts

• led to a unique cultural and social development, - limited technological and scientific advancement, - increased national unity and identity.

Shimabara Rebellion Causes

• stemmed from heavy taxation, oppression of Christians, and strict enforcement of the shogunate's policies against foreign influence.

Shimabara Rebellion Impacts

• resulted in increased repression of Christians, - showcased the growing discontent against the ruling shogunate, - led to reforms in policy and governance.

Battle of Chaldiran Causes

• arose from territorial disputes between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires, as well as the religious conflict between Sunni and Shia Islam.

Battle of Chaldiran Impacts

• The Battle of Chaldiran, fought in 1514, resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory over the Safavids, significantly weakening Safavid power in eastern Anatolia and solidifying Ottoman control in the region.

French Revolution Causes

• stemmed from social inequality, economic hardship, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. It was fueled by the financial crisis and the burden of taxation on the Third Estate.

French Revolution Impacts

• The French Revolution led to the end of monarchy in France, the rise of radical political movements, and inspired revolutionary activities across Europe, altering the course of modern democratic governance.

Popular Sovereignty Causes

• The concept of popular sovereignty emerged from Enlightenment thinkers and was influenced by social contract theory, advocating that political power derives from the consent of the governed and reflecting the American and French Revolutions.

Popular Sovereignty Impacts

• The impacts of popular sovereignty include the promotion of democracy and self-governance, leading to the establishment of constitutional governments, and influencing various independence movements around the world.

Enlightenment Causes

• The causes of the Enlightenment include the questioning of traditional authority,

• advances in scientific reasoning,

• and the influence of earlier philosophers,

• all contributing to a new emphasis on reason and individual rights.

Enlightenment Impacts

• The impacts of the Enlightenment include the spread of democratic ideals,

• secularism,

• the promotion of individual rights,

• and significant advancements in science and philosophy that shaped modern Western thought.

American Revolution Causes

• The causes of the American Revolution include colonial grievances against British taxation without representation,

• growing sentiments of independence,

• and the influence of Enlightenment ideas on liberty and democracy.

American Revolution Impacts

• The impacts of the American Revolution include the establishment of the United States as an independent nation, the promotion of democratic principles, influence on future revolutionary movements, and the inspiration of other nations to pursue their own freedoms.

Civil Code Causes

• The causes of the Civil Code include the desire for legal uniformity, the influence of Enlightenment principles on law, and the need for a new legal framework following the Revolution.

Peninsular War Causes

• The causes of the Peninsular War include Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the resistance of Spanish patriots against French rule, and the power struggle between the Bourbon monarchy and the French Empire.

Peninsular War Impacts

• The impacts of the Peninsular War include the weakening of French influence in Spain,

• the rise of Spanish nationalism,

• and significant changes in European political boundaries and alliances.

Mexican Revolution Causes

• The causes of the Mexican Revolution include social inequality,

• the influence of liberal reforms,

• and discontent with the longstanding dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.

Mexican Revolution Impacts

• The impacts of the Mexican Revolution include the establishment of a constitutional republic,

• land reforms,

• and social changes that aimed to address inequalities.

Conservatism Impacts

• The impacts of conservatism include the preservation of traditional institutions,

• resistance to rapid change,

• and the maintenance of social hierarchies,

• often leading to political stability but also potential social unrest.

Liberalism Impacts

• The impacts of liberalism include the promotion of individual rights, the expansion of democracy,

• and economic reforms that encourage free markets,

• often challenging traditional authority and social hierarchies.

Abolition Causes

• The causes of abolition include rising moral opposition to slavery,

• the influence of abolitionist movements,

• economic changes that diminished the viability of slavery,

• and growing support for human rights and equality.

Abolition Impacts

• The impacts of abolition include the emancipation of enslaved individuals,

• significant social and economic shifts in post-abolition societies,

• and ongoing challenges related to racial inequality and integration.

La Reforma Causes

• The causes of La Reforma include the desire for land reform,

• opposition to the privileged status of the Catholic Church,

• and a push for liberal policies among the Mexican population.

La Reforma Impacts

• The impacts of La Reforma include the reduction of church power in politics,

• significant land redistribution,

• and increased tensions between conservative and liberal factions in Mexico.

Socialism Impacts

• The impacts of socialism include the promotion of social equality,

• the establishment of welfare systems,

• and significant changes in economic structures,

• often leading to state control over key industries and services.

Nationalism impacts

• The impacts of nationalism include the unification of nations,

• a sense of shared identity among people,

• and often the rise of movements for independence or self-determination.

Zionism causes

• The causes of Zionism include rising anti-Semitism in Europe,

• the desire for a Jewish homeland,

• and the influence of nationalist movements during the 19th century.

Zionism impacts

• The impacts of Zionism include the establishment of the State of Israel,

• the migration of Jews to Israel,

• and increased tensions in the Middle East.