Unit 10/11 Anatomy Study Guide

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How are the reproductive systems divided?

Male and Female

Each reproductive system has…

Gonads and accessory reproductive organs

What are gonads?

Primary sex organs responsible for producing gametes and secreting sex hormones (testes and ovaries)

What are accessory reproductive organs?

Structures used to transport and nourish gametes prior to fertilization

How do sperm travel through the male reproductive system? (Pathway)

Sperm is formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Transported through the rete testis

Then transported into the epididymis and mature here for 20 days

Reaches the ductus deferens and passes by seminal vesicle (accessory organ)

Stored in the ampulla of the ductus deferens

Expelled through the ejaculatory duct (passing by prostate and cowper’s gland) and out through the urethra

What glands are associated with the male reproductive system? (accessory glands)

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral glands

Function of testes

Producing sperm and testosterone

Function of seminiferous tubules

Where sperm are produced inside the testis

Function of rete testis

receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules and moves it toward the epididymis

Function of epididymis

Highly coiled 6m long tube where sperm moves for 40 days before reaching the ductus deferens

Function of ductus deferens

Transports mature sperm into the ampulla (and ejaculatory duct)

Function of ampulla

Where sperm is stored before ejaculation

Function of ejaculatory duct

Where sperm is expelled to during ejaculation before passing through urethra

Function of urethra

Where sperm/semen exits

Erectile tissue

spongy internal tissue that fills with blood during excitement

Function of scrotum

A flap of skin between the legs that contains the testes

Maintains ideal body temp (2-3C lower)

Function of cremaster

Muscles control how near the testes are to the body based on external temperatures

The master

What is the external penis structure composed of

Shaft

Glans penis (tip)

Erective tissue

Function of seminal vesicles

nutrition, mobility thru muscular contraction, clotting of ejaculate

Function of prostate gland

thins semen for easier sperm movement and citric acid for energy

Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)

Alkaline mucus to neutralize urethra and lubrication

How do sperm develop

Spermatogenesis

What is spermatogenesis and how does it happen (what steps)?

The process of sperm production

1. Begins with stem cells called spermatogonia

2. Diploid spermatogonia divide through meiosis to create 4 spermatids with only 23 chromosomes each

3. In a final process called spermiogenesis, the spermatids take the final shape of mature sperm

4. As the sperm develop, they migrate closer to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, where they will eventually be released.

Sperm have 3 main sections. What are they and their functions

Head= contains nucleus and has an acrosome on the front portion which contains enzymes to break into the head during fertilization

Midpiece= Surrounded by mitochondria, giving the sperm ample energy to swim

Tail= Provides movement

How do eggs travel through the female reproductive system? (Pathway)

Ovaries release egg cells into the fimbriae to be fertilized

Fimbriae extend into the infundibulum

Infundibulum filters egg into uterine tube

Uterine tube transports egg to the uterus

Function of ovaries and what they contain

release egg cells to be fertilized by sperm

Contain about 400000 follicles at a female’s birth, about 490 will mature and be released as eggs

What are follicles and their function

Located in the ovaries and hold immature eggs

Function of fimbriae

Take mature ovum into the infundibulum

Function of infundibulum

ovum is funneled here before entering uterine tube

Function of endometrium

developing embryo will implant in this layer

will slough off if no fertilization (period)

Myometrium

Muscular layer responsible for contractions during childbirth

Function of perimetrium

Outer uterine wall

Function of cervix

Barrier to the uterus. Lower part of uterus

Function of vagina

thin-walled tube located inferior to the cervix

receive penis during intercourse

passageway for menstruation and childbirth

Function of mons pubis

fatty area covered w/ pubic hair

Labia majora/minora

skin folds which protect the vestibule

What is on the vestibule

urethral opening

vaginal opening

vestibular glands

clitoris

Function of urethral opening

urination for females

Function of vaginal opening

opening to the vagina

Function of vestibular glands

lubrication

Function of clitoris

Swells when excited

like a male

How do eggs develop

oogenesis

What is oogenesis and how does it happen (what steps)?

The process of egg production

1. Begins with stem cells oogonia

2. Before birth, the oogonia divide and develop into primary oocytes which are housed in follicles

3. At puberty, hormones stimulate a small number of follicles to mature and make the first meiotic division (The division is unequal - a large secondary oocyte and a tiny polar body are produced. The polar body and its chromosomes degenerates.)

4. One follicle will carry the secondary oocyte (ovulation)

5. If the secondary oocyte is fertilized the second meiotic division will occur

6. After ovulation, the follicle degenerates into the corpus luteum

The second meiotic division

1. Produces another polar body and reduces the female chromosome number to 23

2. The male and female nuclei join to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes

Function of corpus luteum

secretes progesterone and thickens endometrium

Gonads for male and female

Testes and Ovaries

Immature Gamete for male and female

Spermatid and oocyte

Mature gamete for male and female

Spermatozoa and ovum

When are gametes made for male and female

Male: Starts at puberty

Female: Starts before birth then monthly from puberty to menopause

Number of meiotic divisions and when for male and female

Male: 2 meiotic divisions one after the other

Female: 2 meiotic divisions

1. Begins before birth

2. Cycle finishes at ovulation or fertilization

Type of meiotic division (equal or unequal) for male and female

Male: Equal - 4 equal sized sperm

Female: Unequal - 2 ovum + 3 tiny polar bodies

Hormones for male and female

Male: FSH, LH, Testosterone

Female: FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone