Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) Review Flashcards

A comprehensive collection of vocabulary-style flashcards based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) exams 1-14, covering topics such as agricultural machinery, soil dynamics, engines, irrigation pumps, structures, and rural infrastructure.

Spring-tooth harrow

Implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel, often fastened on transverse toolbars with the other end pointed to give good soil penetration.

Mechanical rice transplanter

Machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and leveled field.

Draft

Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement.

Seedbed

The soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds.

Root zone

The part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants.

Chisel plowing

Tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used.

Pressure relief valve

Component of a power sprayer used to regulate the pressure.

Single acting hand pump

Type of force type hand pump that discharges water only on the forward stroke of the piston or plunger and draws in water into the cylinder during the back stroke.

Harrowing

Operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting.

Middlebreaking

Operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two previous rows of plants.

Plow bottom

Working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside, all attached to the frog.

Trailing moldboard plow

Type of plow hitched to the drawbar or lower links of the tractor, supported by two or three wheels and equipped with hydraulic lines and cylinders for lifting and/or depth control.

Percussion drilling rig

A type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by alternately raising and dropping either an external weight or the drilling stem itself, causing the impact of the drill bit to the soil.

Hopper

Part of a granule applicator where granules are loaded.

Broadcast tillage

Tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips.

Earthmoving

Tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil.

Land grading

Tillage operation which moves soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope.

Oriented tillage

Tillage operations which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines.

Soil cultivation

Shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control.

Tillage

Mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose.

Primary tillage

Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates.

Secondary tillage

Tillage, following primary tillage, which is designed to control weed growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding.

Conventional tillage

System traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given geographical area.

Minimum tillage

System wherein least soil manipulation is performed.

Mulch tillage

System in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface.

Soil abrasion

Scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil.

Two-way plow

Implement that eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation.

Subsoiler

Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers.

Roller-harrow

Implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the soil surface.

Row crop cultivator

Implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage.

Handheld granule applicator

Type of granule applicator designed for handheld operation using a screw or spinner plate operated manually to facilitate metering of granules.

Back furrow

Raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land when plowing is started from center to side.

Dead furrow

Open trench left in between the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing.

Internal combustion engine

Type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder.

Spark ignition engine

Engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on the fuel and air mixture.

Compression ignition engine

Engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.

Paddy separator

Auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice.

Destoner

Auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown rice.

Biogas

Mixture of gas composed of $50$ to $70$ percent methane and $30$ to $40$ percent carbon dioxide produced by methanogenic bacteria.

Substrate

Organic material used to produce biogas.

Slurry

Watery mixture of insoluble solid or manure and water.

Leachate

Liquid produced when waste undergoes decomposition, often containing dissolved and suspended materials.

Farm to market roads

Access roads that connect major road arteries to agricultural production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market.

Road carriageway

Travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders.

Turn-out section

A widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about $30\,meters$ long, used for emergency purposes or to allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out for passing opportunity.

Subgrade

Top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is placed.