Anatomy & Physiology: 2nd Semester Exam Review Guide

Agglutination

when antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types (clumping)

Albumin

an important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood

Anemia

decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

Antigens

substance that the body recognized as foreign

Fibrin

long, hairlike molecules that form the basis of a clot during coagulation

Granulocytes

white blood cells containing granules and lobed nuclei

Hemostasis

the process by which bleeding is stopped

Leukopenia

condition causes abnormally low levels of white blood cells

Thrombus

a persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel

What is necessary for the transport of oxygen by an erythrocyte?

hemoglobin

Which type of granulocyte releases histamine at sites of inflammation?

basophils

Where does hematopoiesis occur to produce new red blood cells?

red bone marrow

When will hemolysis most likely occur?

Rh- person receives the second transfusion of Rh+ blood

Myocardium

the muscular layer of the heart wall

Peripheral resistance

the friction blood encounters as it flows through the vessels

Pulse

the alternating expansion and recoil of an artery

Stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat

What's the difference between pulmonary and systematic circulation?

Pulmonary circulation is when blood (CO2 rich) moves from the right side of the heart to lungs and back to left side of the heart (O2 rich). Systematic circulation is when heart to the body cells drop off O2 blood and pick up CO2.

What branches off the aorta and nourishes the myocardium with oxygenated blood?

coronary arteries

Which heart walls are the thickest?

left ventricle because they are under higher pressure

Which node is often called the pacemaker?

sinoatrial (SA) node

What is another way of saying "heart contraction"?

systole

Why are pulmonary arteries and veins expectations to the rule?

O2/CO2

What do veins have that arteries don't?

large veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

What is the path of blood flow within the systematic circulation?

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins

What vessels have the lowest blood pressure?

vena cavae

Coronary artery disease results from what?

accumulation of fatty, calcified deposits within blood vessels

Asthma

chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants

Hyperventilation

breathing becomes deeper and more rapid = purge too much CO2

Pulmonary ventilation

process of moving air into and out of the lungs

What is another name for the process of moving air into and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing)?

pulmonary ventilation

External respiration

gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli; oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

Respiratory gas transport

process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the repairing tissues

Internal respiration

oxygen unloaded from blood and diffused into cells and tissues

Inhalation

takes air into the lungs

Exhalation

releases air from the lungs

What is the most common transport method for carbon dioxide?

Bicarbonate ions

What is the most important blood gas that is rid from the body during breathing?

CO2

What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?

trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris

What role do the tonsils play in the respiratory system?

tonsils help detect and fight off pathogens/infections; if they are inflamed, they will block the passageways

How does both oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange through the respiratory membrane?

simple diffusion

Anaphylactic shock

systematic acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood

Antigen

mediates the adaptive defense system; any substance capable of provoking an immune response

Immunocompetent

T cells/B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors

Pathogens

harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body

Variable region

an antigen-binding site

What cells within the lymph nodes engulf and destroy foreign substances in the lymph?

Macrophages

What is the body's first line of defense?

skin/mucous membranes

What happens during the third line of defense?

the immune system responds to a specific pathogen and then antigens are targeted and destroyed by antibodies

Active immunity

occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies

Passive imunity

occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else

Naturally

from mother to fetus or breast milk and bacterial or viral infections

Artificially

vaccines

B cell

body fluids and develop in bone marrow, part of cellular immunity

T cell

body cells and develop in thymus, part of humoral immunity

What is the adaptive defense system?

it issues attacks specific to foreign substances

During the inflammatory response histamine is released. What does this cause?

histamine causes a chemical alarm to occur

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of what T cells?

Helper T

Amnion

innermost of the four extraembryonic membranes which will enclose a fluid filled sac

Cleavage

rapid mitotic cell divisions as the zygote travels down to uterus

Gametes

sex cells

Implantation

the fertilized egg (young embryo) burrows into the endometrium

Ovulation

process where a mature egg is ejected from ovary

Parturition

strong set of contractions which cause the birth of a baby

Puberty

period of life between 10-15 years of age when the reproductive organs grow and develop

Zygote

fertilzied egg

What role do the prostate secretions serve?

secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm

Trace the pathway of sperm throughout the duct system during ejaculation.

stored in the epididymis, passes through the vas deferens, goes through the ejaculatory duct, through the penis, and travels through the urethra

Where does fertilization usally occur?

upper 1/3 of the oviduct

Which layer of the uterus is shed approximately every 28 days?

endometrium

Action potential

a nerve impulse

Corpus callosum

fibers connect the two hemispheres

Ganglia

clusters of neuron cell bodies found in the PNS

Schwann cells

supporting cells which coat axons with a myelin sheath

What is included in the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

irritability and conductivity

Axon function

long outgrowth which carries a signal away from the cell body toward target cells

Axon terminals function

part of neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles

Nodes of Ranvier function

myeline sheath has small gaps or spaces in it

White matter

collections of myelinated (axons) fibers (tracts) that are lighter in color

Gray matter

mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies that are darker in color

List the correct sequence of a typical reflex arc.

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector

Describe the "all or none response" of an action potential.

neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest

What is the major function of the pons?

breathing

What is the cause of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/stroke?

blood supply to a region of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies

Accommodation

the ability of the eye to focus on close objects

Choroid

a blood-rich nutritive layer that contains pigment (prevents light from scattering)

Conjunctiva

the membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelid

Hair cells

must be stimulated for the sense of hearing to be transmitted to the cochlear nerve

Papillae

small projections of the tongue's surface

Photopupillary relflex

reflex experienced when someone turns the light on very suddenly

Pupil

changes in diameter to allow for light to enter eye

What is the pathway of vibrations as they travel from the eardrum to one ossicle to the next?

malleus, incus, stapes

What is the "fancy" word for "nearsighted"?

myopia

What does the Eustachian tube connect?

the middle ear to the nasopharynx (upper throat behind the nose)

What parts of the ear are used for balance and not for hearing?

semicircular canals

List the 5 taste sensations.

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

rostrum

snout

papillae

ridges on tongue

diaphragm

separates cavities