SCNC M4 L1

what are the characteristic of living things?

1. Highly organized and complex

2. Composed of one or more cells

3. Able to reproduce, grow and develop

4. Contains DNA or RNA

5. Obtain, use and regulate materials

6. respond to their environment

7. Can change over time

8. Maintain a stable internal environment

How is the living things highly organized and complex; and composed of one or more cells?

atoms are assembled into molecules and molecules form organelles and cells

What are the types of reproduction?

Asexual reproduction (bacteria fission, coral polyp budding)

Sexual reproduction

Having both sexual and asexual

How is the living things or cells develop?

the cells in blastocyst have stem cells, which will differentiate into different type of cells, performing different functions.

What are the substance that control the live, gorw and reproduce of the living things?

DNA

How is the living things use and regulate the material and energy?

Through metabolism, which means the sum of chemical process resulting growth, production of energy and removal of waste

• Anabolism (building up complex substance, uses energy)

• catabolism (breaking substance, release energy)

How is metabolism conducted in plant?

Anabolism (Photosynthesis)

Using the chlorophyll in chloroplasts to convert CO2, sunlight nd water into glucose and oxygen

Catabolism (respiration)
Breaking glucose into ATP

how evolution is the key characteristics of living things/

Evolution requires animals to respond to their environment, so the favourable traits can survive better.

And so the overall population can change over time

How does living things maintain a stable internal environment?

through homeostasis, which uses negative feedback loop to maintain the body status near the stable line
(sweating, shivering to regulate the internal temperature)

how is life deine in other displinery?

Physics: Life feeds on negative entropy

Chemistry: Life ie a self-sustaining chemical system

what are teh characteristic of the base of DNA?

the genetic code of DNA and RNA are universal, which means the code for amino acids are the same for eery organisms.

How are the living things divided into phylogenetic tree?

domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

family

group
species

What is nomenclature (linnaen binomial)

a naming system of species created by Carl Linnaeus
Composed of 2 part (binomial nomenclature)
1st: genus name
2nd: Species epithet
species are named based on biological features

what are the style of font in linnaen binomial

genus name: italics/underlines with a capital letter

Species: italics/underlines without capital letter

What are the domains of living things?

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. eukarya

What features is presented in the phylogenetic tree?

the points are the common ancestor between the organims
( all living things are descended from a common ancestor)

While the length of the straight-line is the length of time period of dividing the ancestor into 2 part

what are the first life forms on the earth?

Prokarotes (bateria and archaea)

why virus are not considered as a life?

as it is not made up of cells and only have metabolism by acting as a parasite of cells

what are some classification methods?

phenetic classification (based on overall similarity, morphology, phenotype, biological features)
- This is aribitrary, as it is subjective to judge which living things alook similar

Phylogenetic classificaiton (based on the gene orderm spequence data of DNA nad amino acid)

• Clasificaiton are not ambigous

what are the differnece between morphological characteristics and physiological characteristics?

morphological: physical structure of the organimsl

physiological: functions and biochemcial mechanism of the organisms

What is parsimony?

picking the simplest explanation to explain the traits
so we would take the evolutionary treee that requires fewest evolutions and changes

What are the assuption of building a phylogentic tree or evolutionary tree?

Evolution wil branch 2 branches
Find the simplest one

what are the concepts of species?

1. typological species: based on what things look like

2. biological species: interbreed, having comon ancestor, occupies a specific niche

3. Evolutionary spcies: historical identity, smallest gorup of organisms that share the same common ancestor

4. phylogenetic species: monophyletic units

5. Ecological species: ecologicla niches

what are the largest group of organims we esitmated in kingdom, phylum, subhylum and order?

Kingdom: animalia
Phylun:Arthropoda

Subphylum:Hexapoda
order:Coleptera

What are the curretn condition of the esitimation of the speices?

The estimaed number of species are way more larger than those being named

How can we estimate the speices?

Using canopy crane

What are the difficulties of estimating species diversity?

1. some species are understudies, and get little attention

2. some habitates get little attention

3. some species can only be namnd by few biologist

4. cryptic species (species that are very similar, but having genetic sifference

5. Species taht are not named

Why we need to know the species diversity?

As if we want to conserve the biodiverstiy, we need to know exactly how many species are there