Kin 224 Exam 3 (Chapter 23)

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

Which is not a function of the respiratory system?

Sound reception

The terms “upper respiratory system” and “lower respiratory system” are _____ categorizations of the respiratory system.

Structural

Which region of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Nasopharynx

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to (increase/decrease)

Increase

Mucin _____ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ______ of dust and dirt particles

Increases; trapping

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception

The air is cooled

The nose contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose

Four

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the ______; it contains coarse guard hairs.

Vestibule

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

Meatus

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

Mandible

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Which statement is untrue regarding the oropharynx

It houses the pharyngeal tonsil

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

Nasopharynx

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the:

Elevation of the soft palate

What structure is also known as the “voice box”?

Larynx

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

Larynx

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

Larynx

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female’s voice because men have

Longer and thicker vocal folds.

Pitch refers to the ____ sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by _____ laryngeal muscles.

Frequency; intrisic

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

Tracheal cartilages provide for _____ on the ______ aspect of the trachea.

Rigidity, anterior

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

How long is the average trachea?

12-14 cm

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Foreign particles:

Are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

Terminal bronchioles

Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear _______ in cross section.

Polygonal

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the :

Alveolar type I cell.

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the :

Alveolar type II cell.

Phagocytic cell of the alveolus are the

Alveolar macrophages.

Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

Plasma membrane of type II cell

Which is not correct about the left lung?

It has an esophageal depression

Each lung consists of a number of segments called

Bronchopulmonary segments

The hilum of the lung:

Is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass

Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

The right lung

Bronchial arteries carry _____ blood to the tissues of the lung.

Oxygenated

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in:

Bronchodilation

On each side of the chest, _____ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the _____ pleura tightly covers the lung.

Parietal; visceral

The main function of serous fluid is to:

Lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung.

Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are:

Collected by lymph nodes.

The lungs remain inflated because:

Intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.

B, A, C, E, D

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?

B, A, D, C

You may have noticed that after a large meal you had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation

These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

Scalenes

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

External intercostals

Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but only during forced exhalation.

Internal incostals

According to Boyle’s law, the pressure of a gas _______ if the volume of its container increases.

Decreases

The reason air flows out of the body during expiration is that during that time:

Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the:

Brainstem

What is the name of the column of neurons within the medulla that initiates neural impulses for inspiration and expiration?

Ventral respiratory group

At rest, a normal person breathes about ______ times per minute.

12

Also known as the pneumotaxic center, this area allows for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration.

Pontine respiratory center

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid:

Medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing.

The carotid bodies contain _____ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in _______.

Peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2

Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

Between the esophagus and the trachea

Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _____ nervous system.

Somatic

Which type of receptor intiates the inhalation reflex (or Hering-Breuer) reflex?

Baroreceptors

Following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a:

Pneumothorax

Airflow is ______ related to pressure gradient and ____ related to resistance.

Directly, inversely

Pulmonary fibrosis:

Decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals:

Increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a pulmonary ventilation rate of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min. How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare?

The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

An increase in dead space results in:

A decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation

A buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia leads to an increase in the:

Physiologic dead space

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the:

Inspiratory reserve volume

The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the:

Functional residual capacity.

The percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled during a specific time period is known as the:

Forced expiratory volume

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be:

Inspired and then expelled in 1 minute

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mmHg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg)?

Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level

Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen’s partial pressure in the alveoli is:

Lower

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

The systemic cells

Because oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water:

It is not easily dissolved in water a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called:

External respiration

Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen

The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are:

Its large surface area and minimal thickness

An increase in the partial pressure of CO2 causes bronchioles to

Dilate

An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen causes pulmonary arterioles to ______ thereby altering ______ to make gas exchange more efficient

Dilate, perfusion

As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchange gases with systemic cells:

The partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules.

Which statement accurately describes alveolar and systemic gas exchange?

In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood

Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because water has a ____ solubility coefficient in water

Low

Approximately what percent of the oxygen is blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

98%

About 23% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is attached to the ______ portion of hemoglobin

Globin

Which reaction involving CO2 predominates within erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries of the lung?

HCO-3 combines with H+ to form H2CO3, which dissociates into CO2and H20

About 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries:

Combines the water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also transports:

Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen ions

If someone at sea level is given pure oxygen to breathe, it would cause the oxygen saturation of their hemoglobin

To increase by only a tiny amount.

When blood passes through systemic capillaries,

From 98% to about 75% saturated

An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-globin

Right

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases from hyperventilation?

Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall

Airway obstruction can lead to hyperventilation, which can cause

Hypoxia and respiratory acidosis

When someone begins to hyperventilate the increased movements of their respiratory muscles _____ venous return of blood to the heart.

Increaes

When someone exercises vigorously, their breathing is described as demonstrating:

Hypernea, invlolging

Which statement accurately describes pulmonary tissue gas exchange

It pulmonary gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in tissue gas exchange it diffuses of the blood

Compared to carbon dioxide everything , oxygen has a relatively ________. and so require as a _______ partial pressure gradient to help diffuse the gas into his bloos

Low, large