History A-level Edexcel - Russia 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin - Statistics

Bolshevik party membership (1917-21)

300,000 in 1917 to 730,000 by 1921

Industrial workers (1913)

Only 2.4 million worked in large factories

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

Gave roughly 1/3 of population and land

Constituent Assembly votes (Jan 1918)

Bolsheviks gained 175 seats with 9 million votes, SR's gained 410 seats with 21 million votes

Menshevik arrests (1921)

During first 3 months of 1921, 5000 Mensheviks arrested

Russian civil war - conscription

Over 5 million soldiers by the end of the war

Sovnarkom members

About 20

Politburo members

About 9 members

Central Committee members

30-40 members

USSR - Russia's part

Russia was 90% of land-area and 72% population

How much of communist party was Russian?

3/4

Cheka executions (1917-23)

Between 1917-23, Cheka responsible for 200,000 executions

Cheka officials (1918-21)

40,000 in Dec 1918 to 250,000 by 1921

Popular unrest (1921)

By January 1921, 50,000 anti-communist fighters

Tambov uprising (1921)

The Red army arrested 100,000

General Secretary power

Stalin had access to 26,000 personal files on Party members

Lenin Enrolment (1923-25)

500,000 joined during entire programme

The Congress of Victors (Feb 1934)

Kirov received 1225 votes whereas Stalin got 927

The Chistka (1932-35)

By 1935, 22% of party removed from posts

The Great Terror (1934-38) - victims

95% of those affected where men aged 30-45 who held senior position in party/ important role in economy

Purges in Red Army (1937-38)

- 3/5 marshals purged

- 14/16 army commanders shot/imprisoned

- 35,000 officers shot/imprisoned

Yezhov purges

Purged over 3000 of his own personnel in first 6 months as head of NKVD

The Leningrad Affair (1949)

100 officials shot and 2000 arrested/dismissed

Beria's reform the MVD - power struggle after Stalin

Gulag population dropped from 2.4 mil in 1953 to 1.6 mil in 1956

Central Committee and Party secretaries - Khrushchev

1953-56, Khrushchev replaced 50% of regional party secretaries and 44% of those elected to Central Committee in 1952 were removed

Soviet ministries - Khrushchev's government

In mid 1954, Khrushchev cut central Soviet ministries from 55 to 25

State control over industry - Khrushchev's government

Proportion of soviet industry controlled by central government dropped from 68% to 44%

Political prisoners release - Khrushchev

2 million political prisoners released from camps from 1953-60 but only 4% of those who appealed for release had been returned to civilian life by 1955

Executed rehabilitation - Khrushchev

By 1961, 1/2 of those who had been executed by Stalin were rehabilitated

Peasant workers in government - Khrushchev

60% of party members were workers of peasants by 1964

Party membership (1954-64) - Khrushchev

6.9 mil in 1954 to 11 mil in 1964

Fixed term for party jobs - Khrushchev

16-year term for Central Committee mebers

Sovnarkozy - Khrushchev

105 regional council set up

Party membership (1953-80) - Brezhnev

6.9 million in 1953 to 17 million by 1980

Central Committee - Brezhnev

After Stalin's last party congress, 56% of Central Committee retained in office, in 1976 it was 79%

Gerontocracy - Brezhnev

By 1984, 7/11 Politburo members were over 70

Stagnation - Brezhnev

Between 1964 and 71, only 2 new people promoted to Politburo

Politburo meetings - Brezhnev

Lasted less than 40 mins due to gerentocracy

Requisitioning of grain (War communism)

150,000 Bolshevik volunteers used to seize grain

Industrial production (1921) - War communism

By 1921, industrial production was 20% of 1913 level

Industrial workforce (1917-22)

3 million workers in 1917, 1.2 million in 1922

Black market (1921) - War communism

Only 40% of food consumed in cities came through rationing (60% came from black market)

Food production (1921) - war communism

48% of 1913 level

Famine (1920's) - war communism

5-10 million died

Tambov rising (1921) - Red army

50,000 Red Army troops sent to put it down

Steel production (1913-26) - War communism and NEP

4.2 mil tonnes produced in 1913, 0.2 mil tonnes in 1921, 3.1 mil tonnes in 1926

Grain production (1921-26) - NEP

37 mil tones 1921 to 76 mil tonnes 1926

Scissor Crisis (1923) - NEP

Industrial good were 3 times more expensive than agricultural goods

Industrial output (1921-26) - NEP

In 1921 was 31% of 1913 level, by 1926 was 96% of 1913 level

Nepmen - NEP

BY 1924, controlled 60% of retail trade

Magnitogorsk population

In 1929, only 25 people living there, by 1932 250,000 people

Skill of workforce (1933)

By 1933, 17% of workforce in Moscow was skilled

Alexei Stakhanov - model worker

could mine 15 times the average amount of coal

White sea canal project - labour camp

- employed 180,000 prisoners by 1931

- at least 10,000 died on this project

Stalingrad tractor factory output

1930 meant to be producing 500 tractors a month, June produced 8 and most broke down within 3 days

Coal production (1927-37) - FYP

35 mil tonnes in 1927, 128 mil tonnes 1937

Steal production (1927-37) - FYP

4 mil tonnes in 1927, 17.7 mil tonnes 1937

Rearmament (1940) - FYP

By 1940, 1/3 government spending devoted to rearmament

Military (1939-41) - FYP

FYPs resulted in 9 military aircraft factories between 1939-41

Consumer goods (1930s) - FYP

Queues for clothes and shoes in Leningrad were 6000 in 1938

Housing conditions during FYPs

No bathhouse for 650,000 people in Liubertsy district in Moscow

Urban population (1928-39) - FYP

Grew from 26 million in 1928 to 56 million in 1939

collectivisation (1925)

Less than 1% of land collectivised

Collectivisation (1932-37)

By 1932, 62% peasant households collectivised, 93% in 1937

Cattle stock (1928-33)

Number of cattle halved between 1928-33 (not fully recovered until 1953)

Destruction of resources (1928-34)

17 million horses, 26 million cattle, 11 million pigs, 60 million sheep and goats destroyed

Grain production (1928-34) - collectivisation

73 mil tonnes in 1928, 67 mil tonnes in 1934

Kulaks (1928)

Estimated about 15 million

Dekulakisation (1928)

1.5 million peasants sent to labour camps

How many killed from collectivisation?

5-10 million

How many killed in Holodomor (1932-33)?

5 - 7 million

MTS

Provided 75,000 tractors

Grain procurement (1928-33) - collectivisation

11 million tons in 1928, 22 million tons in 1933

Grain exports (1928-31) - collectivisation

Less than 1 million tons in 1928 to 5 million in 1931

private farms vs collective farms

On private farms, around 410 kilos of grain produced per hectare, 320 kilos per hectare in collective farms

Military production - during WW2 (1943-45)

Between 1943-45, 73000 tanks and 94000 aircraft produced

Steel production - WW2 impact

18 mil tonnes in 1940 to 12 mil tonnes in 1945

Oil and wool production - WW2 impact

Oil production less than 2/3 and wool less than 1/2 of 1940 level

Grain production - WW2 impact

95 mil tonnes in 1940 to 30 mil tonnes in 1942, no. cattle halved

Homelessness - WW2 impact

In 1945, 25 million people homeless

Infrastructure damage - WW2 impact

1,700 towns and 70,000 villages classified as destroyed

Slave labour - 4th FYP

used over 2 million slave labourers from gulag

Coal production - 4th FYP

119 mil tonnes in 1945 to 261 mil tonnes in 1950

Military expenditure - Cold war impact

By 1952, total military expenditure 1/4 of gov budget

Consumer good production - 4th FYP

only 12% investment went to food production and consumer goods

Grain production - post WW2

47 mil tonnes in 1945 to 92 mil tonnes in 1952

Collectives (1952)

By 1952, over 100,000 larger collectives had been created

Military spending (1955-64) - Khrushchev's industrial reform

12.1% of GDP in 1955 to 9.1% in 1958 to 11% in 1964

Working week - Khrushchev industrial reform

Reduced from 48 hours to 41 by 1960

Managers profit - Khrushchev industrial reform

Managers allowed to keep 40% of profit made by factory to invest

Synthetic fibre production - Seven-year plan

166,000 tonnes in 1958 to 666,000 tonnes by 1965

Regional development - Seven-year plan

Areas of east of Urals received 40% of available investment

consumer good output - Seven-year plan

Rose by 83% from 1958 to 1965 (80% was target)

fertiliser production - Seven-year plan

increased by 19 mil tonnes (3.5 mil less than target)

oil production - Seven-year plan

113 mil tons in 1958 to 243 mil in 1965

growth rate of economy (1950s)

7.1%

Tractors - Virgin Lands Scheme

120,000 tractors provided

Expansion of farmland (1953-64)

18.2 mil hectares sown in 1953, 35.3 kil in 1956 and 97.4 mil in 1964

Corn campaign (1958)

Farmers only able to produce 50% of corn per hectare that US farms manages

Animal feed production - Corn Campaign consequence

Between 1958-64, animal feed production dropped by 30%