Functional Groups

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Last updated 1:18 PM on 4/20/26
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28 Terms

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<p>How many carbon bonds does a Alkane molecule have?</p>

How many carbon bonds does a Alkane molecule have?

Has a single Carbon Bond

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<p>How many carbon bonds does a Alkene molecule have?</p>

How many carbon bonds does a Alkene molecule have?

Double Carbon Bonds

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<p>How many carbon bonds does an Alkyne molecule have?</p>

How many carbon bonds does an Alkyne molecule have?

Triple Bonds

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How many carbon atoms are there in the hydrocarbon prefix “Meth.” Ex: CH4

1 Carbon Atom. Hence no skeletal structure

<p>1 Carbon Atom. Hence no skeletal structure</p>
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How many carbon atoms are in Ethane?

2 Carbon Atoms

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Propane. How many carbon atoms?

3 Carbon atoms

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Butane

4 carbon atoms

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Pentane

5 carbon atoms

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Hexane

6 carbon atoms

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Heptane

7 Carbon atoms

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What does R represent in a carbon containing group?

  • CH3 (Methyl)

  • CH3CH2 (Ethyl)

  • Long Carbon Chain

  • Benzene Ring

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What’s the general formula of aldehyde?

R-CHO

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<p>Structural nature of Aldehyde group</p>

Structural nature of Aldehyde group

CHO group is always at the end of the carbon chain. There’s a double bond with Oxygen. Never in the middle.

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General Formula for Ketone

2 carbon groups (R–CO–R')

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<p>Structural nature of ketone</p>

Structural nature of ketone

If the C=O is in the middle of the chain, it's a ketone.

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<p>Carboxylic acid General Formula</p>

Carboxylic acid General Formula

RCOOH

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<p>Carboxylic acid structural nature</p>

Carboxylic acid structural nature

Also has –CHO-like notation, but there's an –OH attached to the carbonyl carbon (–COOH). No H directly on the carbonyl carbon.

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<p>Ester/Amide structural nature</p>

Ester/Amide structural nature

Esters have the general structure R-COO-R', where the carbonyl carbon is single-bonded to an oxygen which is then connected to another carbon group.

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Naming an ester molecule

-yl -oate

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Alcohol General Formula

R-OH

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<p>Briefly explain the difference between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.</p>

Briefly explain the difference between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

Alcohol only contains hydroxyl group (-OH), but no carbonyl group (C=O). Carboxylic acid contains both of these groups in the same carbon function group (-COOH).

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<p>Ether</p>

Ether

R-O-R^1. There’s only single bonds

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List all of the Strong Acids

  • HClO4

  • HCl

  • HBr

  • HI

  • HNO3

  • H2SO4

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List all of the Strong Bases

  • LiOH

  • NaOH

  • KOH

  • Ca(OH)2

  • Sr(OH)2

  • Ba(OH)2

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What makes a molecule a CIS fatty acid?

Hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double carbon bonds

<p>Hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double carbon bonds</p>
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What makes a molecule a trans fatty acid?

Hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double carbon atoms

<p>Hydrogen atoms are on the opposite side of the double carbon atoms</p>
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Hydrophobic Group(s)

R-CH3

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Hydrolpillic Groups

-OH, -COOH, -NH2