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What encompasses the concept of self?

The person you are, including your thoughts, feelings, personality, experiences, and characteristics.

How does the nature of self change?

The self continuously develops, changes, and grows through experiences.

What does 'self is not static' imply?

The self does not stay exactly the same; it can change due to experiences, environment, relationships, and learning.

What is the significance of a name in relation to self?

A name represents or identifies a person, but the name itself is not the whole person.

What did Socrates emphasize about the self?

Knowing yourself and understanding your inner self.

What is the meaning of 'Know yourself'?

Understanding who you are, including your thoughts, weaknesses, strengths, and values.

What are the two important aspects of a person according to Socrates?

Body and soul.

What does dualism refer to in philosophy?

The idea that a person has two important aspects: body and soul.

What is the connection between self-knowledge and virtue?

For Socrates, self-knowledge is connected to wisdom and virtue.

How does Plato view the human soul?

He believed that the human person has a soul composed of three parts.

What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?

Rational soul, spiritual soul, and appetitive soul.

What is the rational soul?

The part that uses reason and thinking.

What is the spiritual soul?

The part connected to emotions and feelings.

What is the appetitive soul?

The part responsible for physical desires and wants.

What does the ideal self represent?

The best or perfect version of yourself that you try to become.

What does Plato's view of self indicate about justice?

A person becomes just and balanced when the three parts of the soul work harmoniously.

What aspect of the self did René Descartes emphasize?

The thinking mind.

What does 'Cogito, ergo sum' mean?

I think, therefore I am.

What is the 'cogito' according to Descartes?

The thinking mind.

What is the 'extensa' in Descartes' philosophy?

The body, or the physical part of a person that occupies space.

What is Descartes' view on the mind and body?

The self involves two distinct things: the mind and body.

What does Descartes argue about thinking?

Thinking includes doubting, understanding, affirming, denying, willing, refusing, imagining, and perceiving.

How does David Hume define the self?

As a bundle or collection of experiences and perceptions.

What is the bundle theory?

The idea that the self is not one permanent thing but a collection of different experiences and perceptions.

What distinguishes impressions from ideas in Hume's philosophy?

Impressions are direct and strong experiences; ideas are copies or weaker versions of those impressions.

How does Hume view the self?

As a constantly changing bundle of experiences, impressions, and ideas.

What is Immanuel Kant's view of the self?

The self organizes our experiences and knowledge.

What does respect for self mean in Kant's philosophy?

Every human being should be treated as an end in themselves, not merely as a means.

How does Gilbert Ryle view the self?

The self can be understood through a person's observable behavior and actions.

What is the mind-body dichotomy?

The idea of separating the mind and body into two completely different things.

What is the criticism of Ryle regarding the self?

He criticized the idea of a separate invisible 'self' controlling the body like a ghost controlling a machine.

What does Merleau-Ponty emphasize about the self?

The body and mind are deeply connected.

What is embodied experience according to Merleau-Ponty?

Our experiences are connected to our physical body.

What does the biblical view of self affirm?

Human beings are created by God and have value as part of God's creation.

What does the 'image of God' refer to?

The belief that human beings were created in the image of God.

What is meant by the 'multi-bejeweled crown of creation'?

It describes the human self as having many aspects including physical, intellectual, moral, religious, social, political, economic, emotional, and aesthetic characteristics.

How does St. Augustine view the self?

A person has a body and soul; the body is temporary while the soul seeks eternal life with God.

What is the spiritual significance of love and justice in Augustine's philosophy?

Living a virtuous life involves loving God and loving other people.

What synthesis does Thomas Aquinas present in his philosophy?

He combined ideas from Aristotle and Christian thought.

What are matter and form according to Aquinas?

Matter is the physical substance; form is the essence that makes something what it is.

How does Aquinas differentiate the human body and soul?

The human body is matter, while the soul gives life to and makes the human person human.

What is Sigmund Freud's theory regarding personality?

Personality is explained through the interaction of the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.

What does the ID represent in Freud's theory?

The part of personality that contains basic desires and impulses.

What is the role of the EGO according to Freud?

The part that deals with reality and tries to make practical decisions.

What does the SUPEREGO represent in Freud's personality theory?

The part connected to conscience, morals, and rules.

How does Erik Erikson relate psychological and social factors to self?

He focused on how these factors affect human development.

What is psychosocial development?

Development influenced by psychological factors and social experiences.

What are the eight psychosocial stages proposed by Erikson?

Stages of development that each involve a challenge or crisis that needs to be dealt with.

How does society influence the self according to the lecture?

The self is influenced by the people, groups, society, and culture around us.

What is the definition of culture?

The shared beliefs, values, traditions, practices, language, and ways of living of a group.

What are the key characteristics of the self listed in the notes?

Separate, self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private.

What is the social constructionist perspective on the self?

The self is shaped by our relationships, society, culture, and interactions with other people.

What do social roles refer to?

The different roles we perform depending on our situation.

How do Mead and Vygotsky view the development of self?

They emphasized the importance of language and social interaction.

What is internalization according to Vygotsky?

The process of making social experiences, values, and conversations part of your own thinking.

What does gender refer to in the context of self?

A social and personal aspect of identity that can develop and change.

What is the impact of family on self development?

Family influences a person's values, behavior, beliefs, language, and understanding of themselves.

What does cognitive construct mean about the self?

The self is understood through the way we think about, organize, and understand ourselves.

What is self-concept?

Your understanding or idea of who you are.

What is self-identity?

The characteristics, roles, relationships, and affiliations that define who you are.

What is self-schema?

The organized knowledge and beliefs you have about yourself.

What are 'I' and 'Me' in William James' categorization of the self?

'I' is the part that thinks, acts, and makes decisions; 'Me' is the part that can be described and includes characteristics and abilities.

How does Carl Rogers define self-schema?

An organized collection of knowledge about who you are.

What does actual self refer to?

Who you are right now.

What does ideal self represent?

Who you want to become.

What does ought self mean?

Who you think you should be.

What is self-awareness?

Being conscious or aware of your own thoughts, feelings, actions, and identity.

What is self-consciousness?

Becoming very aware of how other people may observe or judge you.

What is the difference between private self and public self?

Private self refers to internal thoughts and feelings; public self refers to the image shown to others.

What does social comparison involve?

Comparing yourself with other people to understand or evaluate yourself.

What is downward social comparison?

Comparing yourself with someone who you think is worse off or less successful.

What is upward social comparison?

Comparing yourself with someone who is better or more successful.

What is self-evaluation maintenance theory?

The idea that another person's success can affect how we feel about ourselves, especially if that person is close.

What does self-esteem measure?

How positively or negatively you evaluate or feel about yourself.

What characterizes narcissism?

Very high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.

What is egoism?

A tendency to focus strongly on one's own interests or benefit.

What does the Western view of self emphasize?

Individuality, personal identity, independence, and uniqueness.

What does the Eastern view of self emphasize?

Relationships, interconnectedness, harmony, and one's place within the group.

What is Confucianism?

A philosophy that emphasizes proper relationships, ethical behavior, respect, and social harmony.

How does the Confucian self view identity?

A person's identity is strongly connected to their relationships and responsibilities within society.

What does self-cultivation refer to in Confucianism?

Continuously developing yourself to become a better and more morally responsible person.

What does 'subdued self' mean?

Personal desires may be controlled or set aside for the good of the group or society.

What is Taoism associated with?

Living according to the Tao (the natural way/universe).

What does the Tao represent?

The natural way or flow of the universe.

What is the Taoist view of self?

The self should live in harmony with the natural flow of life.

What aspects does the physical self encompass?

The body, physical development, health, and biological characteristics.

What is fertilization?

The meeting of the male and female sex cells.

What are gonads?

Reproductive organs that produce sex cells.

What are spermatozoa?

Male reproductive cells.

What are ovum/ova?

Female reproductive cells.

What is a zygote?

The fertilized egg cell formed when the male and female sex cells unite.

What are genes?

Units of heredity that carry biological information from parents to their children.

What is DNA?

The molecule that contains genetic information.

What does puberty refer to?

A period when the body undergoes physical and hormonal changes to become sexually mature.

What role does testosterone play?

It is involved in male sexual development and other body functions.

What is estrogen?

A group of hormones involved in female sexual development and reproductive functions.

What is menarche?

A person's first menstrual period.

What does maturation denote?

The process of developing and becoming more physically or biologically mature.