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📚 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF — REVIEWER UNIT 2: CONCEPT AND NATURE OF SELF
1. SELF – The person you are, including your thoughts, feelings, personality, experiences, and characteristics.
2. NATURE OF SELF – The self is something that continuously develops, changes, and grows through experiences.
3. “SELF IS NOT STATIC” – The self does not stay exactly the same. We can change because of our experiences, environment, relationships, and learning.
4. NAME – A name represents or identifies a person, but the name itself is not the whole person.
🧠 PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF SOCRATES
5. SOCRATES – A philosopher who emphasized knowing yourself and understanding your inner self.
6. “KNOW YOURSELF” – Understanding who you are, your thoughts, weaknesses, strengths, and values.
7. BODY AND SOUL – Socrates believed that a person is composed of body and soul.
8. DUALISM – The idea that a person has two important aspects: body and soul.
9. VIRTUE – A good quality or moral behavior that a person should develop.
10. SELF-KNOWLEDGE – Knowing and understanding yourself; for Socrates, this is connected to wisdom and virtue.
11. SOCRATIC VIEW OF SELF – The self is understood mainly by examining one's inner life, knowledge, and character.
PLATO
12. PLATO – A philosopher who believed that the human person has a soul with three parts.
13. THREE PARTS OF THE SOUL –
Rational soul – uses reason and thinking.
Spiritual soul – connected to emotions and feelings.
Appetitive soul – connected to desires and wants.
14. RATIONAL SOUL – The part that thinks, reasons, and makes decisions.
15. SPIRITUAL SOUL – The part connected with emotions such as courage, anger, and other feelings.
16. APPETITIVE SOUL – The part responsible for physical desires and wants.
17. IDEAL SELF – The best or perfect version of yourself that you try to become.
18. PLATO'S VIEW OF SELF – A person becomes just and balanced when the three parts of the soul work harmoniously.
RENÉ DESCARTES
19. RENÉ DESCARTES – A philosopher who emphasized the thinking mind as an important part of the self.
20. “COGITO, ERGO SUM” – Means “I think, therefore I am.”
21. COGITO – The thinking mind or the thing that thinks.
22. EXTENSA – The body, or the physical part of a person that occupies space.
23. MIND AND BODY – Descartes viewed the self as involving two distinct things: the mind and body.
24. DESCARTES' VIEW OF SELF – The mind is important because a person can doubt many things, but the fact that they are thinking proves that they exist.
25. THINKING – For Descartes, thinking includes doubting, understanding, affirming, denying, willing, refusing, imagining, and perceiving.
DAVID HUME
26. DAVID HUME – A philosopher who believed that the self is a bundle or collection of experiences and perceptions.
27. BUNDLE THEORY – The idea that the self is not one permanent thing but a collection of different experiences and perceptions.
28. IMPRESSIONS – Direct and strong experiences from our senses.
Example: Touching something hot and feeling its heat.
29. IDEAS – Copies or weaker versions of our impressions.
Example: Remembering the feeling of touching something hot.
30. HUME'S VIEW OF SELF – The self is a constantly changing bundle of experiences, impressions, and ideas.
IMMANUEL KANT
31. IMMANUEL KANT – A philosopher who viewed the self as something that organizes our experiences and knowledge.
32. RESPECT FOR SELF – Every human being should be treated as an end in themselves, not merely as a tool or means.
33. KANT'S VIEW OF SELF – The self helps organize the different experiences and information we receive from the world.
34. SELF AS SEAT OF KNOWLEDGE – The self is where our experiences and knowledge are organized and understood.
GILBERT RYLE
35. GILBERT RYLE – A philosopher who rejected the idea that the self is a separate hidden entity.
36. MIND-BODY DICHOTOMY – The idea of separating the mind and body into two completely different things.
37. RYLE'S VIEW OF SELF – The self can be understood through a person's observable behavior and actions.
38. “GHOST IN THE MACHINE” – Ryle criticized the idea that there is a separate invisible “self” controlling the body like a ghost controlling a machine.
MERLEAU-PONTY
39. MERLEAU-PONTY – A philosopher who emphasized that the body and mind are deeply connected.
40. EMBODIED EXPERIENCE – Our experiences are connected to our physical body.
41. MERLEAU-PONTY'S VIEW OF SELF – You cannot completely separate the mind from the body because our thoughts, emotions, experiences, and body work together.
✝ CHRISTIAN/BIBLICAL VIEW OF SELF
42. BIBLICAL VIEW OF SELF – Human beings are created by God and have value as part of God's creation.
43. “IMAGE OF GOD” – The belief that human beings were created in the image of God.
44. MULTI-BEJEWELED CROWN OF CREATION – A description of the human self as having many aspects, such as physical, intellectual, moral, religious, social, political, economic, emotional, aesthetic, and other aspects.
AUGUSTINE
45. ST. AUGUSTINE – A Christian philosopher who connected ideas from Plato with Christianity.
46. AUGUSTINE'S VIEW OF SELF – A person has a body and soul; the body is temporary while the soul seeks eternal life with God.
47. LOVE AND JUSTICE – Augustine believed that living a virtuous life involves loving God and loving other people.
THOMAS AQUINAS
48. THOMAS AQUINAS – A philosopher who combined ideas from Aristotle and Christian thought.
49. MATTER AND FORM – Everything is composed of matter and form.
50. MATTER – The physical substance or material that something is made of.
51. FORM – The essence that makes something what it is.
52. AQUINAS' VIEW OF SELF – The human body is matter, while the soul is what gives life to and makes the human person human.
🧠 PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF SIGMUND FREUD
53. SIGMUND FREUD – A psychologist who explained personality through the interaction of the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.
54. ID – The part of personality that contains our basic desires and impulses.
55. EGO – The part that deals with reality and tries to make practical decisions.
56. SUPEREGO – The part connected to conscience, morals, and rules.
57. FREUD'S VIEW OF SELF – The self/personality develops through the interaction of the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.
ERIK ERIKSON
58. ERIK ERIKSON – A psychologist who focused on how psychological and social factors affect human development.
59. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT – Development influenced by both psychological factors and social experiences.
60. EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES – Erikson proposed 8 stages of development, with each stage having a challenge or crisis that a person needs to deal with.
👥 UNIT 3: SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE
61. SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE – The self is influenced by the people, groups, society, and culture around us.
62. SELF – A person's identity, thoughts, feelings, characteristics, and experiences.
63. SOCIETY – A group of people who live and interact within a shared social system.
64. CULTURE – The shared beliefs, values, traditions, practices, language, and ways of living of a group.
🔑 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF
65. SEPARATE – The self is different and distinct from other people.
66. SELF-CONTAINED – The self has its own thoughts, characteristics, and experiences.
67. INDEPENDENT – The self can exist as its own individual person.
68. CONSISTENT – Some characteristics of a person tend to remain relatively stable over time.
69. UNITARY – The self is the center where our experiences, emotions, and thoughts come together.
70. PRIVATE – A person's deepest thoughts and feelings are not directly accessible to other people.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
71. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE – The self is shaped by our relationships, society, culture, and interactions with other people.
72. SELF IS NOT STATIC – Our identity can change as we experience different situations and interact with different people.
73. SOCIAL ROLES – The different roles we perform depending on our situation.
Example: You can be a student, friend, child, or classmate.
🗣 MEAD AND VYGOTSKY
74. MEAD AND VYGOTSKY – Both emphasized the importance of language and social interaction in developing the self.
75. LANGUAGE – A major tool through which people communicate, interact, and develop their understanding of themselves.
76. VYGOTSKY'S VIEW – People develop through language, social interaction, and relationships with others.
77. INTERNALIZATION – The process where a person takes social experiences, values, and conversations and makes them part of their own thinking.
👤 GENDER AND SELF
78. GENDER – A social and personal aspect of identity that can develop and change.
79. GENDER EXPRESSION – How a person expresses or presents their gender.
80. GENDER AND SELF – Society can influence how people understand and express themselves, but people also develop their own identities.
🏠 SELF IN FAMILIES
81. FAMILY – One of the major social institutions that influences the development of the self.
82. SELF IN FAMILY – Family can influence a person's values, behavior, beliefs, language, and understanding of themselves.
🧠 UNIT 4: SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT
83. COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT – The self is understood through the way we think about, organize, and understand ourselves.
84. SELF-CONCEPT – Your understanding or idea of who you are.
85. SELF-IDENTITY – The characteristics, roles, relationships, and affiliations that define who you are.
86. SELF-SCHEMA – The organized knowledge and beliefs you have about yourself.
WILLIAM JAMES
87. WILLIAM JAMES – One of the early psychologists who studied the self and divided it into the “I” and “Me.”
88. “I” – The part of yourself that thinks, acts, and makes decisions.
89. “ME” – The part of yourself that you can think about or describe, including your characteristics and abilities.
Easy way to remember:
I = the one doing
ME = the one being described
CARL ROGERS
90. CARL ROGERS – A psychologist who discussed the self through the concept of self-schema/self-concept.
91. SELF-SCHEMA – An organized collection of knowledge about who you are.
👀 ACTUAL, IDEAL, AND OUGHT SELF
92. ACTUAL SELF – Who you are right now.
93. IDEAL SELF – Who you want to become.
94. OUGHT SELF – Who you think you should be.
Easy way to remember:
Actual = I am
Ideal = I want to be
Ought = I should be
💭 SELF-AWARENESS
95. SELF-AWARENESS – Being conscious or aware of your own thoughts, feelings, actions, and identity.
96. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS – Becoming very aware of how other people may observe or judge you.
97. PRIVATE SELF – Your internal thoughts, feelings, and personal standards.
98. PUBLIC SELF – The image or version of yourself that you show to other people.
👥 SOCIAL COMPARISON
99. SOCIAL COMPARISON – Comparing yourself with other people to understand or evaluate yourself.
100. DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON – Comparing yourself with someone who you think is worse off or less successful in a certain area.
101. UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON – Comparing yourself with someone who is better or more successful in a certain area.
102. SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY – The idea that another person's success can affect how we feel about ourselves, especially when that person is close to us.
⭐ SELF-ESTEEM AND NARCISSISM
103. SELF-ESTEEM – How positively or negatively you evaluate or feel about yourself.
104. NARCISSISM – A trait characterized by very high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.
105. EGOISM – A tendency to focus strongly on one's own interests or benefit.
🌏 UNIT 5: SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT
106. WESTERN VIEW OF SELF – Often emphasizes the individual, personal identity, independence, and uniqueness.
107. EASTERN VIEW OF SELF – Often emphasizes relationships, interconnectedness, harmony, and one's place within the group or community.
108. EASTERN-WESTERN DICHOTOMY – A way of comparing different cultural perspectives, particularly between many Asian cultures and Western cultures.
🏯 CONFUCIANISM
109. CONFUCIANISM – A philosophy that emphasizes proper relationships, ethical behavior, respect, and social harmony.
110. CONFUCIAN SELF – A person's identity is strongly connected to their relationships and responsibilities within society.
111. SELF-CULTIVATION – Continuously developing yourself to become a better and more morally responsible person.
112. “SUBDUED SELF” – Personal desires may be controlled or placed aside for the good of the group or society.
☯ TAOISM
113. TAOISM – A Chinese philosophy associated with Lao Tzu that emphasizes living according to the Tao (the natural way/universe).
114. TAO – The natural way or flow of the universe.
115. TAOIST VIEW OF SELF – The self should live in harmony with the natural flow of life rather than constantly trying to control everything.
🧬 PHYSICAL SELF
116. PHYSICAL SELF – The part of the self related to the body, physical development, health, and biological characteristics.
117. FERTILIZATION – The meeting of the male and female sex cells.
118. GONADS – Reproductive organs that produce sex cells.
119. SPERMATOZOA – Male reproductive cells.
120. OVUM/OVA – Female reproductive cells.
121. ZYGOTE – The fertilized egg cell formed when the male and female sex cells unite.
122. GENES – Units of heredity that carry biological information from parents to their children.
123. DNA – The molecule that contains genetic information.
🌱 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
124. PUBERTY – A period when the body undergoes physical and hormonal changes and becomes sexually mature.
125. TESTOSTERONE – A hormone involved in male sexual development and other body functions.
126. ESTROGEN – A group of hormones involved in female sexual development and reproductive functions.
127. MENARCHE – A person's first menstrual period.
128. MATURATION – The process of developing and becoming more physically or biologically mature.