Circulation of Blood and Hemodynamics

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering circulatory shock types, blood pressure classifications, hemodynamics, fetal circulation, and vascular disorders based on the lecture notes.

Circulatory Shock

The failure of the circulatory system to adequately deliver oxygen to the tissues, resulting in the impairment of cell function throughout the body.

Cardiogenic Shock

Shock resulting from any type of heart failure, such as severe myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart infections.

Hypovolemic Shock

Shock resulting from the loss of blood volume in the blood vessels, commonly caused by hemorrhage or loss of interstitial fluid.

Neurogenic Shock

Shock resulting from widespread dilation of blood vessels caused by an imbalance in autonomic stimulation of smooth muscles in vessel walls.

Anaphylactic Shock

Shock resulting from an acute allergic reaction called anaphylaxis that causes blood vessel dilation.

Septic Shock

Shock resulting from complications of septicemia, a condition where infectious agents release toxins into the blood that dilate vessels.

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

A type of septic shock usually resulting from staphylococcal infections that begin in the vagina and spread to the blood.

Pulse

The alternate expansion and recoil of an artery resulting from changing arterial blood pressures during the cardiac cycle.

Radial Pulse

The most frequently monitored and easily accessible pulse point in the body, located at the wrist.

Hypertension (HTN)

A condition occurring when the force of blood exerted by the arterial blood vessel exceeds a blood pressure of $140/90\,mm\,Hg$.

Primary Essential Hypertension

A classification of hypertension (also called idiopathic) with no single known causative etiology, accounting for $90\%$ of cases.

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension caused by kidney disease, hormonal problems, oral contraceptives, or pregnancy.

Prehypertension

A blood pressure classification where systolic BP is between $120$ and $139\,mm\,Hg$ or diastolic BP is between $80$ and $89\,mm\,Hg$.

Stage 2 Hypertension

A blood pressure classification where systolic BP is greater than or equal to $160\,mm\,Hg$ or diastolic BP is greater than or equal to $100\,mm\,Hg$.

Hemodynamics

The set of processes that influence the flow of blood, primarily driven by blood pressure.

Blood Pressure Gradient

The difference between two blood pressures (e.g., $100\,mm\,Hg$ in the aorta versus $0\,mm\,Hg$ in the venae cavae) that keeps blood flowing.

Peripheral Resistance (PR)

Any force that acts against the flow of blood in a blood vessel, influenced by blood viscosity and vessel muscle tension.

Vasomotor Mechanism

The adjustment of muscle tension in vessel walls to control blood pressure and blood flow.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The volume of blood pumped into the arteries per minute, calculated as stroke volume ($SV$) times heart rate ($HR$).

Central Venous Pressure

The pressure within the right atrium representing the low end of the pressure gradient needed to drive blood flow back to the heart.

Sphygmomanometer

A device used to measure blood pressure, traditionally consisting of an air cuff and a column of mercury ($Hg$).

Korotkoff Sounds

Loud, tapping sounds heard through a stethoscope when cuff pressure equals systolic pressure.

Systolic Blood Pressure

The maximum arterial pressure recorded during each cardiac cycle.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The minimum arterial pressure recorded during each cardiac cycle.

Hepatic Portal Circulation

The route of blood flow that detours blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

Placenta

The structure through which substances are exchanged between fetal and maternal circulation before birth.

Umbilical Vein

The vessel in fetal circulation that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal body.

Umbilical Arteries

Two vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the fetus back to the placenta.

Ductus Venosus

A shunt in the fetus that allows blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava.

Foramen Ovale

An opening in the fetal heart that shunts blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium to bypass the lungs.

Ductus Arteriosus

A fetal structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the collapsed lungs.

Cyanosis

A condition of bluish tissue coloration resulting from a lack of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood.

Raynaud Phenomenon

A disorder characterized by sudden decreases in circulation in the digits, often causing discoloration, numbness, and pain in response to stress or temperature.

Varicose Veins

Veins in which blood pools due to gravity or incompetent (leaky) valves, often occurring in superficial leg veins.

Hemorrhoids

Varicose veins located in the rectum or anus, also known as piles.

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein, which can be caused by irritation from substances like an intravenous catheter.

Thrombophlebitis

Acute vein inflammation caused by the formation of a clot (thrombus).