ap chapter 14
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46 Terms
How many chambers does the heart have?
Four.
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
Right and left atria.
What is the job of the atria?
Receive blood.
What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?
Right and left ventricles.
What is the job of the ventricles?
Pump blood out of the heart.
What is the myocardium?
The cardiac muscle layer of the heart.
What is the endocardium?
The smooth inner lining of the heart chambers.
What is endocarditis?
Inflammation of the endocardium.
Why is endocarditis dangerous?
It can cause rough areas where blood clots (thrombi) can form.
What is the pericardium?
A two-layered sac that surrounds the heart.
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) and parietal pericardium.
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium.
What is cardiac tamponade?
Compression of the heart from fluid buildup between the pericardial layers.
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart.
What is diastole?
Relaxation of the heart.
What is the purpose of heart valves?
Prevent backflow of blood.
What does AV stand for?
Atrioventricular.
Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve.
Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral (bicuspid) valve.
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?
Between the left ventricle and aorta.
What causes the 'lub' sound?
Closure of the AV valves.
What causes the 'dup' sound?
Closure of the semilunar valves.
What is a heart murmur?
An abnormal heart sound, often caused by faulty valves.
Where does venous blood enter the heart?
Right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.
Where does blood go after the right atrium?
Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
Where does blood go after the right ventricle?
Through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs.
Where does oxygenated blood return from?
The lungs.
Which chamber receives blood from the lungs?
Left atrium.
Where does blood go after the left atrium?
Through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
Where does blood go after the left ventricle?
Through the aortic valve into the aorta and body.
What do coronary arteries supply?
Oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium.
What happens if a coronary artery becomes blocked?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack).
What is a cardiac cycle?
One complete heartbeat.
What is the average resting heart rate?
About 72 beats per minute.
How long does one cardiac cycle last?
About 0.8 seconds.
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole and diastole.
What is the SA node?
The heart's natural pacemaker.
Where is the SA node located?
Right atrium near the superior vena cava.
What is the AV node?
Relays the electrical impulse from atria to ventricles.
Where is the AV node located?
Lower right atrium near the septum.
What is the Bundle of His?
Conducts impulses from the AV node into the ventricles.
What are Purkinje fibers?
Fibers that spread the impulse throughout the ventricles.
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization (atria contract).
What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization (ventricles contract).
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization (ventricles relax).