ELE PPC - Prelims Reviewer

Prelim Exam Coverage for ELE PPC - 2nd Term, A.Y. 2024-2025 - FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ONLY.

culture

the person’s way of life and everything that the person learns, follows, and shares as a member of the society

Anthropology

derived from two Greek words anthropos and logos.

Anthropos

Means “human”

Logos

Means “study of”

Anthropology

the scientific study of humans (past and present) and their respective cultures where they were born and actively belong to.

Franz Boas

father of American Anthropology

scientific method

Franz Boas was the first person to implement the ______ into the study of human cultures and socities

Alfred Kroeber and William Henry Morgan

studied the indigenous rights like traditional cultural preservation and ancestral domain of the American Indian tribes.

Ruth Benedict

specialist in anthropology and folklore 

Ruth Benedict

Author of “Patterns of Culture”

Margaret Mead

became controversial for intensively studying the sexual practices among native populations.

Bronislaw Malinowski

made a strategy wherein in order to get data information from the respondents, there should be a participant observation which is central to ethnography or the ethnographic approach.

ethnography

Bronislaw Malinowski made a strategy wherein in order to get data information from the respondents, there should be a participant observation which is central to ___________.

Culture

product of human interaction

social heritage

Culture is _________ that is complex and socially transmitted

patterns

Culture provides socially acceptable ________ for meeting biological and social needs

distinguishing

one of the definitions of culture is as a ______ factor

behavior

culture is an established pattern of ________

non-material culture

intangible things

non-material culture

ideas, behavior, gesture, habits, language, religion are examples of ________

material culture

tangible things

material culture

tools, food, architectural structures, fashion, accessories are examples of ______

Learned

1st characteristic of culture

Transmitted

2nd characteristic of culture

static

culture is never ________

Transformed

culture is never static and is ________ over time

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Culture adapts to changing conditions in society.

Symbols

anything that meaningfully represents something.

Language

most important set of symbols.

Language

Without this, much of human thought would not be possible.

Values

ideas shared by the people in the society about what is good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.

Norms

expectations of how people are supposed to act, think, or feel in specific situations.

Prescriptive norms

Norms that tell you what to do

Proscriptive norms

Norms that tell you what not to do

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Against what was seen as the deadening influence of mechanization, they understood culture as a source of individual wholeness and of authentic, ‘organic’ community. Culture was the thing that would save us all.

folkways

(Type of norm) are patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part of living, but these norms may be easily broken and don’t have serious consequences.

folkways

Identify the type of norm:

Taking a bath/shower, Praying after waking up, Brushing teeth after meals, etc.

mores

(Type of norm) the most specific, clearly stated, and strictly enforced norms that carry corresponding punishments for those that break them or fail to follow it.

mores

Identify the type of norm:

Rules in school, Rules in offices, Rules in society, etc.

taboos

(Type of norm) very strong negative norms. These refer to the prohibition of certain behavior that is so strict that violating it results in extreme disgust and even expulsion from the group or society.

taboos

Identify the type of norm:

Incest, Cannibalism, Pre-marital sex, homosexuality, Eating pork among Muslims, etc.

sanctions

The obedience to or violation of norms results in __________

sanctions

rewards and punishments.

positive sanctions

type of sanction - reward

negative sanctions

type of sanction - punishment

beliefs

refer to what people consider as factual.

beliefs

life after death, heaven and hell, aliens, supernatural elements are examples of ________

cultural variation

refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.

Ethnocentrism

it is the belief that one’s own culture is superior than other cultures.

Xenocentrism

it is the belief that other’s culture is superior than own culture

culture shock

is a term used to express a negative feeling experienced by persons moving from one society to another or within one’s own society.

xenophobia

is a culturally based fear of outsiders or sometimes fictitious fear of the strangers for the competition of jobs, or ethnical, racial, or religious prejudice.

cultural relativism

it is a principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.

popular culture

consists of the everyday life and objects, as well as ideas, images, and perspectives that are widespread in mainstream society.

Characteristics of pop culture

Accessibility, Mass Appeal, dynamic nature, rapid dissemination

Culture

is traditional, longstanding, and shared beliefs

Popular culture

is current, widely embraced by the masses, and dynamic

human interaction

culture is a product of ______

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Culture cannot be unwritten.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Culture has to be the entire country to be done.

biological imperative

the needs of living organisms required to perpetuate their existence: to survive

Brian Boyd

an evolutionary biologist that started that arts have biological imperative

True

TRUE OR FALSE: A community of 100 hunters and gatherers can control the community through gossip.

Signifier

component of a sign that is the "plane of expression" or the observable aspects of the sign itself, anything that refers to the idea (e.g. the treeness of a tree)

Signified

component of a sign that is the "plane of content" referring to the actual idea itself (e.g. the actual tree, the image of a tree)

Philippine pop culture

involves the following:

• cultural fusion

• media dominance and celebrity influence

• language and slang

• social media and online culture

• youth and subcultures

cultural continuity

preservation of heritage leads to _____

social cohesion

leads to shared experiences

cultural appreciation

leads to diversity recognition

effective communication

leads to peace and harmony

cultural evolution

adaptation to change leads to ______-

critical awareness

social commentary and critique leads to ______

Raymond Williams

often described as one of the founding fathers of Cultural Studies, published a wide-ranging body of literary criticism and social theory, as well as several novels.

Culture and Society by Raymond Williams

not a history of culture itself, but rather of the IDEA of culture, traces how the idea emerged and evolved across the preceding two centuries, in the work of key authors from Burke, Mill and the Romantic poets through to Lawrence, Eliot and Orwell.

industrialization and growth of democracy

The idea of culture arose in the late eighteenth century as a response both to ________________ and _____________.

psyche

These changes in the organization of society resulted in massive transformations, not only in everyday life, but in the individual _________

alternatives

particularly in the narrower form of ‘the arts’ – was a means of challenging these developments, but also of identifying __________

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Culture has intricate historical development and usage across disciplines.

cultura

Latin root of culture

colere

Latin root of culture where “cultura” came from

meanings of culture (colere)

inhabit, cultivate, protect, honor with worship

colony, cult, cultivation, tending

developed meanings of culture

husbandry

Culture was originally referred to ________, the tending of crops or animals.

16th century

Culture extended metaphorically to human development by the ___ century.

human development

In the 16th-17th century, culture shifted from a metaphorical sense to a direct one in ______________.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: In the 16th-17th century, culture became an independent noun indicating general processes and particular ways of life.

19th century

In the __ century, culture was used to describe intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development.

True

TRUE OF FALSE: In the 19th century, culture developed into the modern anthropological and artistic sense.

civilization

In the 19th century and beyond, there was differentiation between culture and _______.

French

Variations of culture: In ________ (language), culture was accompanied by a grammatical form indicating what is being cultivated.

Kultur

Variations of culture: In German, developed _______ as both a synonym for civilization and a concept of diverse cultures.

Johann Gottfried Herder

Introduced the idea of multiple cultures, opposing the unilinear process of civilization. Emphasized specific national and social group cultures.

Romantic movement

Distinction between human and material development. Culture began to reflect artistic and intellectual practices.

Culture as Intellectual, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Development

great philosophers, artists, and poets

Culture as Particular Way of Life

Represents the way of life of a group, period, or people, including literacy, holidays, sports, and festivals. Also includes lived practices like seaside holidays, Christmas celebrations, and youth subcultures.

lived practices

seaside holidays, Christmas celebrations, and youth subcultures are referred to as __________

Culture as Works and Practices of Artistic and Intellectual Activity

Refers to texts and practices that signify or produce meaning, including poetry, novels, ballet, opera, and fine art.

Culture vulture

a person who is very interested in the arts, especially to an obsessive degree.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: There is hostility to the word “culture” due to class distinctions and associations with superior knowledge.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: popular culture is defined and analyzed in contrast to other forms of culture (e.g., folk, mass, high, dominant, or working-class culture)