F5 T1 - History Civil rights movement

causes for the civil rights movement

segregation

• Plessy v ferguson in 1897 decided ‘separate but equal’

• 17 states followed ‘jim crow’ laws

• only 5% blacks registered to vote in mississippi

• discrimination in employment, housing, education and justice, lower life expectancy, lower income

• injustice eg. 3 of Malcom X’s uncles were killed by white

civil rights movement

• brown v board of education of topeka

• provoked white violence, gaining publicity

• MLK was baptist minister at SCLC

• NAACP membership grew from 50,000 - 450,000 

consequences of brown vs board of education of topeka

1. white citizens councils were set up

2. senator Harry Byrd organised ‘massive resistance’ and closed schools for 2 years

3. black schools closed, black teachers lost jobs

4. led to courty to desegregating buses in 1956

5. failure - slow integration, only around 2% of black children in south attended integrated schools in 1964

consequences of emmett till

1. drew 50,000 mourners

2. photos reached millions, sparking national outrage

3. inspired muhammad ali and rosa parks

4. failure - powerful but did not directly change laws

consequences of montgomery bus boycott

1. resulted in browder v gayle (1956), declared segregated buses were unconstitutiona

2. 381-day long mass protest, one of the longest in us history

3. complete desegregation in montgomery

4. MLK rose to prominence and formed SCLC, south christian leadership conference in 1957

5. 2/3 income lost

6. around 40,000 african american commuters refused to ride buse

7. became blueprint for future civil rights mass actions (sit-ins, freedom rides, brimingham campaign)

8. proved nonv protest could achieve national policy change, produced immediate legal change and long-term nationwide strategic change

consequences of little rock nine

1. president eisenhower sent 1,200 us army paratroopers and federalized 10,000 arkansas national guard troops

2. demonstrated federal authority and enforcing desegragation

3. failures - only involved 9 students, arkansas closed next year

consequences of greensboro carolina and tennessee sit-ins

greensboro

catalyst for entire sit-in movement

1. spread to 55 cities in 13 states

2. established student non violent coordinating committee

3. 70,000 participants

4. 3,000 arrests

5. woolworth desegregated

6. led to first mass student’led civil rights movement

nashville

1. first major southern city to desegregate all downtown lunch counters, 1960

2. more than 150 students arrested, leading to 4,000 to march in protest

3. 500 students organised it

james meredith to uni of mississippi

1. bobby kennedy sent 500 federeal marshals

2. 2 marshals killed, 160 wounded

consequences of birmingham campaign

1. kings fame grew, civil rights movement strengthened

2. national media coverage led to civil rights act passing of 1964

3. over 2,500 arrests, including children

4. 4 children killed in kkk bombings of a baptist church in september

5. mainly important for its impact on national opinion

consequences of march on washington

1. 200,000 blacks and 50,000 whites participated, one of the largest protests in us history to that point

2. MLK’s ‘i have a dream’ speech became moral rationale for civil rights lesgislation

3. directly influenced the passage of the civil rights movement of 1964

civil rights act

1. outlawed segregation in schools, workplaces, and public facilities

2. ended jim crows laws

3. created by the equal employment opportunity commission

4. black children in south attending integrated school increased from 2% to 23% from 1964-68

5. by 1973, over 90% of southern school desegregated

6. dismantled jim crow legally and structurally, had immediate natinoal application, permanently expanded federal civil rights enforcement

consequences of freedom summer

1. 1,000 sncc volunteers went

2. over 1k volunteers arrested, 80 beaten

3. churches, homes firebombed

4. exposed white resistance and drew national attention

5. contributed to the passing of 1965 voting rights act

6. 430,000 blacks registered to vote in 20 months but few in mississippi

7. only 6.7% black mississippians were registered before the campaign

8. 3 murders of civil rights workers - chaney, goodman, schwerner in ‘mississippi burning’ by kkk

9. critical step in exposing the need for federal voting reform

10. led to black power

consequences of selma to montgomery marches

1. direct catalyst for the voting rights act of 1965

2. boody sunday shocked the nation and televised police violence

3. 600 marchers on bloody sunday and over 25,000 marchers in selma montgomery march

4. black voter registration in alabama rose from 19% to 51% 1965-67

5. jim clark, selmas racist sherrif was voted out

consequences of voting rights act

1. suspended literacy tests, poll taxes in federal elections

2. outlawed discriminatory practices used to stop blacks from registering

3. black voter in mississppi increased from 6.7% to 59% from 1964-68

4. black registeration rose from 19% to 51% ifrom 1965-67

5. number of black elected officials increased from less than 100 to over 1,000 from 1965-74

6. built on momentum created by the civil rights act and addressed only one domain

consequences of watts riot

1. 1st major urban uprising of the decadse

2. sparked national debate about economic inequality and policing

3. 34 deaths, 1,000 injuries, 4,000 arrests, 40m+ in damage

4. influential socially

consequences of detroit riot

1. one of the largest uprising in us history

2. 43 deaths, 7,200 arrests, 2,500 buildings destroyed

3. influence of black powewr rhetoric on black youth rather than non violence

consequences of assassination of MLK

1. riots in 100 cities

2. 46 killes, 27,000 arrested, millions of damage

3. contributed to 1968 fair housing act

consequences of fair housing act

1. outlawed discrimination in housing sales and rentals

2. poorly enforced, limited real desegregation

consequences of black power movement and black panther party

1. major cultural shift towards pride and self determinatino

2. free breakfast programs fed tens of thousands

3. huge cultural influence but limited legilative change due to gov repression and political backlash