Ch 61: Consolidated Regions and Musculature of the Lower Limb

lower limb consists of the following regions (7)

1. Hip

2. Gluteal region

3. Thigh

4. Knee

5. Leg

6. Ankle

7. Foot

gluteal region

area of transition from the trunk to the lower limb

because many structures here act on the lower limb, it is considered to be a part of the lower limb

coxa

hip

clunis

buttock

femur

thigh

genu

knee

crus

leg

sura

calf

talus

ankle

pes

foot

calx

heel

planta

sole

digiti pedis

toes

hallux

big toe

functions of the lower limb are

1. support of weight

2. locomotion

pelvic girdle

-like the upper limb, the lower limb is connected to the trunk by a girdle

-formed by the 2 hip bones, which are joined in the fornt but are separated behind the sacrum

gluteus maximus m action

extend and laterally rotate thigh at hip

gluteus maximus m innervation

inferior gluteal n

gluteus medius m action

abduct and medially rotate thigh at hip

gluteus medius m innervation

superior gluteal n

gluteus minimis m action

abduct and medially rotate thigh at hip

gluteus minimis m innervation

superior gluteal n

tensor fasciae latae m action

flex and medially rotate thigh at hip

tensor fasciae latae m innervation

superior gluteal n

gluteal region muscles (4)

1. gluteus maximus m

2. gluteus medius m

3. gluteus minimus m

4. tensor fasciae latae m

lateral rotators muscles (6)

1. piriformis

2. superior gemellus

3. obturator internus (OI)

4. inferior gemellus

5. quadratus femoris

6. obturator externus

piriformis action

laterally rotate thigh at hip

piriformis innervation

nerve to piriformis

superior gemellus action

laterally rotate thigh at hip

superior gemellus innervation

nerve to obturator internus and superior gemellus

obturator internus (OI) action

laterally rotate thigh at hip

obturator internus (OI) innervation

nerve to obutrator internus and superior gemellus

inferior gemellus action

laterally rotate thigh at hip

inferior gemellus innervation

nerve to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus

quadratus femoris action

laterally rotate thigh at hip

quadratus femoris innervation

nerve to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus

obturator externus action

laterally rotate thigh at hip

obturator externus innervation

posterior branch of obturator n

anterior thigh muscles (3)

1. iliopsoas (composed of iliacus and psoas major)

2. sartorius

3. quadratus femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius)

iliopsoas (composed of iliacus and psoas major) action

flexion of trunk

iliopsoas (composed of iliacus and psoas major) innervation

femoral

sartorius action

flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh at hip, flex leg at knee

sartorius innervation

femoral

quadratus femoris: rectus femoris action

flex thigh at hip, extend leg at knee

quadratus femoris: vastus lateralis action

extend leg at knee

quadratus femoris: vastus medialis action

extend leg at knee

quadratus femoris: vastus intermedius action

extend leg at knee

quadratus femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius) innervation

femoral

medial thigh muscles (5)

1. Gracilis

2. Pectineus

3. Adductor Longus

4. Adductor Brevis

5. Adductor Magnus (adductor part and extensor part)

gracilis action

adduct thigh at hip, flex leg at knee

gracilis innervation

anterior branch of obturator

pectineus action

adduct and flex thigh at hip

pectineus innervation

femoral

adductor longus action

adduct and flex thigh at hip

adductor longus innervation

anterior branch of obturator

adductor brevis action

adduct and flex thigh at hip

adductor brevis innervation

anterior branch of obturator

adductor magnus: adductor part action

adduct and flex thigh at hip

adductor magnus: adductor part innervation

posterior branch of obturator

adductor magnus: extensor part action

extend thigh at hip

adductor magnus: extensor part innervation

tibial part of sciatic

posterior thigh muscles (hamstrings) (3)

1. semitendinosus

2. semimembranosus

3. biceps femoris (long head and short head)

semitendinosus action

extend thigh at hip, flex leg at knee

semitendinosus innervation

tibial part of sciatic

semimembranosus action

extend thigh at hip, flex leg at knee

semimembranosus innervation

tibial part of sciatic

biceps femoris: long head action

extend thigh at hip, flex leg at knee

biceps femoris: long head innervation

tibial part of sciatic

biceps femoris: short head action

laterally rotate leg at knee

biceps femoris: short head innervation

common fibular part of sciatic

anterior leg compartment (4)

1. tibialis anterior

2. extensor hallucis longus

3. extensor digitorum longus

4. fibularis (peroneus) tertius

tibialis anterior action

dorsiflex and invert foot at ankle

tibialis anterior innervation

deep fibular

extensor hallucis longus action

extend big toe

extensor hallucis longus innervation

deep fibular

extensor digitorum longus action

extend toes 2-5

extensor digitorum longus innervation

deep fibular

fibularis (peroneus) tertius action

dorsiflex and evert foot at ankle

fibularis (peroneus) tertius innervation

deep fibular

lateral leg compartment muscles (2)

1. fibularis (peroneus) longus

2. fibularis (peroneus) brevis

fibularis (peroneus) longus action

evert foot at ankle

fibularis (peroneus) longus innervation

superficial fibular

fibularis (peroneus) brevis action

evert foot at ankle

fibularis (peroneus) brevis innervation

superficial fibular

superficial posterior leg compartment muscles (3)

1. gastrocnemius

2. soleus

3. plantaris (nickname: freshman nerve)

gastrocnemius action

plantar flex foot at ankle

gastrocneumis innervation

tibial

soleus action

plantar flex foot at ankle

soleus innervation

tibial

plantaris (nickname: freshman nerve) action

plantar flex foot at ankle

plantaris (nickname: freshman nerve) innervation

tibial

deep posterior leg compartment muscles (4)

1. popliteus

2. tibialis posterior

3. flexor digitorum longus

4. flexor hallucis longus

popliteus action

medially rotate leg at knee

popliteus innervation

tibial

tibialis posterior action

plantar flex and invert foot at ankle

tibilais posterior innervation

tibial

flexor digitorum longus action

flex toes 2-5

flexor digitorum longus innervation

tibial

flexor hallucis longus action

flex toe 1

flexor hallucis longus innervation

tibial