States of Matter

How are Attractive Forces for Solids Liquids and Gases

Solid: Strong

Liquid: Strong

Ideal Gas: None

How is Kinetic Energy for Solids Liquids and Gases

Solid: Low

Liquid: Moderate

Gas: High

Rank the Density of Substances at different states

ρ (solid) > ρ (liquid) >> ρ (gas)

Rank the Density of Water at different states

ρ (liquid) > ρ (solid) >> ρ (gas)

What are Intermolecular Forces

Forces between molecules

Which is Stronger, Intermolecular or Intramolecular

Intramolecular Forces (ie. covalent, ionic…) are stronger than Intermolecular

What is London Dispersion Force

Van der Waals Force all molecules have

→ it is relatively weak

Constant random electron motions create an instantaneous dipole

What is the only Force Nonpolar Molecules have

London Dispersion

What do Instantaneous Short Lived Dipoles cause

London dispersion that induces dipole in neighbor attractive force

What factors affect London Dispersion

Force increases with Molar Mass

Larger atoms and molecules have more electrons and are held less tighly by nucleus

Volume of electrons increase

Which has Higher London Dispersion Xe or He

Xe is more polarizable than He

Xe has stronger London Dispersion Forces

What are Dipole-Dipole Forces

Van der Waals Force between polar molecules that is an Electrostatic Force.

→ Like Magnets with positive and negative poles

What is the strongest Intermolecular Force

Hydrogen Bond

What is a Hydrogen Bond

Strong Electrostatic Force, that’s a type of Dipole Interaction with H and F, O, N

→ Directional

Rank the Intramolecular Forces from Strongest to Weakest

Ion Dipole

Hydrogen Bond

Dipole-Dipole

Ion-Induced Dipole

Dipole-Induced Dipole

London Dispersion

What are common facts about Liquids

Fixed volume with flow that doesn’t compress and ρ (liquid) >> ρ (gas)

What is Surface Tension

Resistance of liquid to increase in surface area due to attractive intermolecular forces

What causes High Surface Tension

Strong Intermolecular Forces

How does Surface Tension Decrease

Decreasing Temperature

What is a Cohesive Force

Force between molecules of same type

What is an Adhesive Force

Force between different molecules

What is Capillary Action

Rising of polar liquid in narrow tube

What is Viscocity

Resistance to Flow

What causes High Viscocity

Strong Intermolecular Forces

What is Vaporization

Liquid to Gas

What is a Substance that is Gas under Standard Conditions

Gas

What is a Substance that is NOT Gas under Standard Conditions

Vapors

Can Ideal Gas Laws be used for Vapors

Yes

What is Enthalpy of Vaporization

ΔH > 0

Endothermic so it must Absorb Energy to escape Liquid Phase

What is Condensation

Gas to Liquid

What is the formula for Condensation

ΔH (vapor) = ΔH (condensation)

What is Vapor Pressure

Pressure of vapor above liquid

What is Dynamic Rate of Vaporization

Rate of Condensation

What causes Vapor Pressure to Increase

Increasing Temperature

At what Vapor Pressure does Water Boil

Atmospheric Pressure

As Altitude Increases, what causes to Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure Decreases

If Intermolecular Forces are Strong, what causes to Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure Decreases

What is Clasius Clapeyron Equation used for

Used for Vaporization

Vapor Pressure depends on Temperature

Boiling Point depends on Pressure

What is common about Solids

Maintain shape and volume

What is a Solid Crystalline

Ordered arrangment of components, ie. rocks

What is a Solid Noncrystalline

Amorphous, disordered, homogeneous, frozen solution, glass