BIOL 1620 Module 3

What distinguishes fungi from animals?

Fungi - external digestion

Animals - Internal digestion

Chitin

1. A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

2. exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

Mycelium

1. The body of the fungus

2. composed of hyphae

Hyphae

long thin filaments with a large surface area for absoribing nutrients

Reproductive structure

fruiting body

How does the absorbtion of food work?

1. Enzymes are secreted outside the cell to digest large food particles into small molecules that can be absorbed.

2. Small organic molecules from digested food are imported through the cell wall.

3. The hyphae provide a high surface area for absorption.

4. Absorption of food at the tip of the hypha enables growth of the hypha.

4. Therefore, absorption of food is the mechanism that enables growth of the hyphae

Yeasts

A general term for fungi that grow as a single cell (no hyphae)

1. Derived Trait

2. Descended from ancestors of hyphae

What does fungal Hyphae do?

1. Extend the ammonium and phosphate nutrient uptake zones for plant roots within the soil

2. Break down animal and plant materials

Mycorrihzal fungi

1. Plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus

2. The fungus provides the plant with water and nutrients

3. Symbiotic relationship

4. Allows plants to grow larger by providing essential soil nutrients at a faster rate

5. Some plants will not grow without a mycorrhizal association

Describe the asexual and sexual life cycles in fungi

Asexual: involves dispersal of haploid spores

Sexual: involves fusion of the two mycelia and formation of a diploid zygote

Haplontic life cycle

What is the ploidy?

Basidiomycetes

1. 34% of all fungi

2. Degrade lignin

3. Reproduce asexually and sexually

How is fungi used in our lives?

1. diet

2. yeasts

3. fermentation

4. mold

5. penicillin

6. infections

Lichen

Symbiosis betwene a fungus with either a cyanobacteria or an alga

How did fungi save the world?

1. Basideiomycete fungi digest lignin

2. allowed for the decay of wood a release of CO2 into atmosphere

3. reduced O2

Competition

-/-

Consumption

+/-

Commensalism

1. +/0

2. An interatcion in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutaulism

1. +/+

2. An interaction in which both organisms benefit

Symbiosis

Any type of close, physical, long-term biological interaction between two species

endosymbiosis

inside, internal

Ectosymbiosis

(external) one lives on the surface

Parasitism

An interatcion in which one species benefits and the other is harmed, sometimes resulting in death

Facultative

Symbiosis occurs when the fitness of one partner in the relationship is not dependents of the presence of the other partner

Obligate

Occurs when the fitness of one partner in the relationship requires the presence of the other partner

Anatomy of Choanoflagellates

1. Flagellum

2. Microvilli

3. Cell Body

4. Nucleus

Phylum Porifera

The sponges

1. pump water equal to their own volume every five seconds

2. Retain carbon in the ecosystem

What is an animal? - 7

1. Eukaryotes

2. Multicellular 

3. 1 mobile stage 

4. Internal digestion 

5. Diplontic life cycle - sexual reproduction - 2n

6. Chemo-heterotrophs 

7. Aerobic respiration 

Cambrium Explosion - 5

1. the sudden rise in the diveristy of animal fossils

2. mobile borrowers, walkers & swimmers

3. macropredators

4. Swimming animals appeared

5. Shelled animals rapidly diversify

Characteristics of Ediacaran lifeforms, what was life like before the cambrium explosion? - 5

1. Sessile, slow moving

2. Feeds on microbial mat on ocean floor

3. Soft-bodied

4. No eyes or sesonry systems

5. filter feeders

Characteristics of Cambrium Lifeforms - 8, what was life like after cambrium explosion?

1. Active locomotion

2. Active predation

3. shells appear and diversify

4. Excoskeletons

5. bilateral symmetry

6. body segmentation

7. complex eyes

8. sensory systems

What sparked the cambrium explosion?

1. Change in enviromental conditions: more O2= more activity

2. Evolution of bilaterian developmental toolkit: Cephalization

3. changes in ecolosystem interactions: predation

Sturtian “snowball earth” hypothesis

1. Snowball earth thawed

2. increased erosion and weathering produced by the thaw

3. high concentration of minerals were washed into marine enviroments

4. Fostering massive and sustained algae growth

Hox Genes

1. Master control genes

2. determine what is turned on and off

Adaptive Radiation

Sudden appearance of related diverse species in the fossils record or inferred by phyolgenetic analysis

1. They are a monophyletic group

2. They speciated rapidly

3. They diversified ecologically into many niches

Anatomy

organisms phycial structure or from

Physiology

How the physical structures in an organism function

Form follows function

specialized forms lead to more efficient function for a given pressure

Advantagers of being larger

1. Anti-predator

2. energy reserves

3. locomotion speed / distance

4. better heat storage

Disadvantages of being larger

1. Greater energy needs

2. larger habitat size

3. harder to hide from predators

How does body size affect animal physiology?

1. Larger animals need more food than do smaller animals

2. Larger animals take longer to reproduce, develop, & mature

3. Larger animals tend to have longer lifespans

4. Smaller animals lose heat and water more rapidly

Adaptations that increase surface area

1. flattening

2. folding

3. branching

Surface Area/Volume

1. As size increases, surface area:volume ratio decreases

2. small animals have higher Basal Metabolic Rate than larger animals

Basil metabolic rate

the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach, under normal tempatures and moisture conditions

Homeostasis

Stability in chemical and physical conditions within an organisms cells, tissues, and organs

Regulate

mainatin relatively constant internal conditions

Conform

organsism conform to their external enviroment

Sensor

a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment

Intergrator

evaluates the incoming sensory information by comparing it to the set point and determining whether a response is necessary

effector

is any structure that helps restore the internal condition being monitored

Negative Feedback

Response is in opposite direction of the stimulus

Positive feedback

response is in the same direction as the stimulus

How does heat affect animal physiology?

1. Overheating can cause proteins to denature and cease functioning

2. High temperatures can lead to excessive water loss and dehydration

3. Low body temperatures can slow down enzyme function and energy production

Endotherm

produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue

ectrotherm

relies on heat gained from the enviorment

Homeotherms

keep their body tempature constant

Poikilotherms

allows their body tempature to chnage depending on enviromental conditions

Torpor

a temporary drop in body tempature

hibernation

a longer drop in body tempature

Key chordate characters

1. notocord

2. dorsal hollow nerve cord

3. pharynx and pharyngeal slits

4. post anal tail

notocord

1. provides flexible, structural support, and evolves into the vertebrae

2. a skeletal structure that can bend from side-to-side for swimming.

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

ultimately evolves into the spinal cord carrying nerves to and from the brain in vertebrates

pharynx and pharyngeal slits

gives rise to slits in fish

post anal tail

1. aids in swimming

2. musculoskeltal system devoted to locomotion

segmented muscles

makes swimming effective by allowing a awave of bending to travel from head down the body

countercurrent heat exchange

arterial blood warms venous blood as it flows back toward body

Early vertebrates had what? - 5

1. a distinct head and brain

2. sensory systems

3. respiratory system

4. chordate locomotor system

5. body skeleton system including jaw and vertebrate

Endycis

three or four layer cuticle which is periodiclly molted as the organism grows

Characteristics features of arthropod body plan - 5

1. jointed appendages

2. exoskeleton

3. compound eyes

4. open circulatory system

5. segmented body

Challeneges on land - 6

1. gravty

2. movement

3. radiation

4. dehydration

5. respiration

6. tempature

Major innovations of vertebrates on land

1. lungs

2. limbs

3. amniotic egg

Benefits of hard exoskeleton

1. provides support against gravity

2. reduces water loss

3. defends against UV

4. color helps thermoregulation

Trachel system

Anthropods, reduces water loss

gas exchange does not directly involve circulatory system

spermatophore

male drops a packet of sperm and female pick it up

Why are insects successfull?

1. Mouthparts: variety of feeding structures

2. Metamorphesis: can exploit two different enviorments,

3. Wings: increases mobility

4. coevolution and evolution of specialization: evolved specialized, coevelved relationships with angiosperms and herbivores and pollinators

proximate:

how it works? how it develops?

ultimate

why is it benificial? evolutionary history?

innate behavior

requires no learning

Evidence for why genes influence behavior

1. Single genes alter behavior

2. behavior (and morphology) can be altered rapidly by artifical selection

3. Populations with genetic and behavorial differences

Communication

A process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of another individual

Accurate

Turthful, cooperative

Honest

signals quality during mate choice or aggressive threat displays, can’t be changed

Manipulation

dishonest communication that causes behavior in the reciever that reduces fitness, but it enhances sender fitness

sexual selection

natural selection on competition for mates

What makes a female a female?

females have big gametes

Intersexual selection

individuals of one sex prefer certain attributes or individuals of the other sex. Typically famale choice, mate choice

Intrasexual selection

Individuals of the same sex compete for access to mates of the other sex

typically male-male competition

• competition between same sex individuals

1. Direct fights over females or resources

2. Mate guarding

3. sperm competition

Anisogamy

the evolution of sex differences in behavior and morphology

Sexual dimorphism

Refers to any trait that differs between males and females of the same species

Secondary sexual selection

characters found in one sex but not the other, and are not directly invoved in reproduction

Paternal care

feeding nestlings females benefit from males that help raise offspring

Hominin Characters - 9

1. bipedal posture

2. s-shaped spine

3. upright position of pelvis

4. legs positioned under body

5. adducted big toe

6. human-like hand proportions

7. big brow ridge

8. small canines

9. sexual dimorphism

Human (Homo) Characters - 9

1. long legs

2. short, weak arms

3. hairless

4. small face and jaw

5. big, protuberant nose

6. larger brain

7. less sexual dimorphism

8. small canines

9. large brow ridge

symbol markings

evidence of culture

Background extiction

1. average rate of extinction

2. occur when populations are reduced to zero because of

3. normal enviormental change

4. emerging disease

5. predation pressure

6. compeition with other species

mass extinction

1. rapid extinction of many diverse organisms around the world

2. results from extraordinary and sudden changes in the enviroment

The Great Dying

widespread volcanism by the siberian traps

1. sea of lava the area of the US

6th mass extinction

anthropocene

1. unofficial unit of geological time

2. human activity started to have a significant impact on the planets lcimate and ecosystems