IM Vaccination

vaccination def; purpose of vaccination

immunization with a pathogen antigen that makes a primary immune response. generates immunological memory.

live attenuated vax. it can do what in the body

live form of pathogen modified to be less virulent. can infect cells and replicate in body, harmless, quickly cleared

inactivated vax

killed; whole pathogen inactivated, can trigger primary response

subunit vax

use only select antigens of a pathogen, not a whole. primary response

Which type of vaccine is typically best at mimicking a natural infection and producing the strongest immunological memory?

live attenuated- can do things a natural pathogen would. since it does this, there’s more memory.

inactivated and subunit vax still produce good memory via

protective antibody responses

What is the most common way that live-attenuated vaccines have been produced to date?

for viral vaccines, grow pathogen in nonhuman cells. pathogen gets mutations to be not as pathogenic in human cells

only bacterial vaccine that uses a live attenuated

BCG for tuberculosis

Define adjuvant. In which type of vaccine may it be necessary to add an adjuvant, and why?

adjuvant: something maybe added to subunit vaccine to activate innate response. necessary because it must come prior to the secondary response.

which vax can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

live attenuated

what is tymus independent type 2 response?

B cells produce antibodies against highly repetitive antigens (like bacterial polysaccharides, capsular carb antigen) WITHOUT direct helper T-cell involvement

Do infants produce strong thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) responses to encapsulated bacteria?

No, a capsular antigen would not cause an effective antibody response (no memory).

Explain how a conjugate vaccine works to provide infants with strong immunological memory to an

encapsulated pathogen.

conjugate vaccines have linked recognition with a capsular carb antigen linked to a protein antigen.

conjugate vaccines cause infants to generate ______ to TI-2 antigens that cause immunological memory

B-2 thymus dependent response

herd immunity

most of the population has immunological memory and protect the people who do not have it by reducing changes that they encounter an infected person