Endocrine System Glands & Hormones - Med Surg 2

Define Endocrine Disorders

Excess or deficiency of a hormone or a defect in a receptor site of a hormone

Diagnostic Procedures - Endocrine (4)

• Vary according to organ or system under analysis

• Blood, urine or saliva tests

• Stimulation Testing

• Suppression Testing

Blood, Urine, or Saliva Tests

Determine an excess or lack of a particular hormone in the body

Stimulation Testing (2)

• Stimulate a reaction in the body that will facilitate diagnosis of a particular disorder

• Involves giving hormones to stimulate the target gland to determine if the gland is capable of normal hormone production.

Suppression Testing

Involves giving meds or substances to evaluate body’s ability to suppress excessive hormone production.

Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones (2)

• Vasopressin (ADH) - Increases resorption of water in kidney

• Oxytocin - Stimulates contraction of uterus & ejection of breast milk during lactation

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones (6)

• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Stimulates thyroid gland

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids

• Growth hormone (GH) - Stimulates protein synthesis & growth of muscle & bone

• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Stimulates maturation of ova & ovulation in women & production of testosterone in men

• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & estrogen secretion in women & sperm production in men

• Prolactin - Breastmilk production

Thyroid Hormones (3)

• Thyroxine (T4) - Inactive & converted to T3

• Triiodothyronine (T3) - Active form of thyroid hormone

• Thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin) - Inhibits mobilization of calcium from the bone & decreases blood calcium levels

T3 & T4 (4)

• Affect all body systems & regulate overall body metabolism

• Regulate energy production

• Controls tissue use of fats

• When T3 & T4 levels are low the anterior pituitary gland releases TSH to stimulate hormone production

Dietary Intake of What is Necessary to Produce Thyroid Hormones??

Protein & Iodine

Parathyroid Gland (2)

• Major role is to regulate serum calcium levels

• Release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH (4)

• Raises calcium levels

• Acts on bones to release calcium

• Acts on kidneys to reabsorb calcium

• Acts on GI tract to increase vitamin D (indirectly)

Calcium Feedback Loop

Body wants to keep calcium levels in normal range & it uses calcitonin (lowers ca) & PTH (raises ca) to do so

When calcium is high it releases calcitonin which pushes calcium in bones & decreases calcium reabsorption in kidneys (more calcium excreted)

When calcium is low parathyroid glands releases PTH which pulls calcium out of bones into blood, increases calcium absorption in kidneys, & activates vitamin D to increase calcium absorption in intestines

Adrenal Medulla (Inner) (2) NED

• Fight or flight

• Release catecholamines - Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine, Dopamine

Function of Catechlamines (4)

• Acute stress response

• Increase HR & BP

• Dilate airways

• Increase blood glucose

Adrenal Cortex (outer) Hormone Secretion (4) MAGE

• Slower, long term regulation

• Mineralocorticoids

• Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

• Sex hormones (Androgens & Estrogen)

Define Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) (3)

• Maintain fluid & electrolyte balance

• Increase sodium absorption (keeps water) & cause potassium excretion in kidney

• Increases blood volume & pressure

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) (3)

• Affect glucose, protein, & fat metabolism

• Response to stress

• Inhibits inflammatory response (immune function)

What Increases Cortisol? (4)

• Stress (physical, emotional)

• Burns

• Low blood glucose

• Infection/inflammation