HSCI 1200 Lab Final Exam Review

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering health systems, nutrition, stress, pollution, and reproductive health based on the laboratory final exam study guide.

Scientific Method

An organized process used to answer a research question, consisting of Problem, Hypothesis, Method, Materials, Experiment/Observations, Analysis, and Conclusion.

Hypothesis

A prediction or statement that can be tested, which is eventually either rejected or failed to be rejected.

Quantitative Method

A research approach that utilizes numbers and data.

Qualitative Method

A research approach that utilizes interviews or descriptions.

Clostridium perfringens

The bacteria linked to the Coyote Manufacturing Picnic Exercise outbreak, which occurs when food is not stored, cooked, cooled, or reheated properly.

Agent

The cause of a disease, such as a bacteria, virus, parasite, or toxin.

Host

The person or organism that gets a disease.

Environment

The place or condition where a disease lives, spreads, or thrives.

Precontemplation

The first stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is not thinking about changing yet.

Contemplation

The second stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is thinking about making a change.

Preparation/Planning

The third stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is getting ready and making a plan or target date.

Action

The fourth stage of the Transtheoretical Model involving actively doing the new behavior.

Maintenance

The fifth stage of the Transtheoretical Model involving continuing the healthy behavior over time.

Relapse

Returning to old behaviors, which can occur at any point, requiring a person to restart the stages of change.

Predisposing factors

Personal factors influencing behavior change, including age, biological sex, culture, family background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs.

Enabling factors

Things that make behavior change possible, such as money, transportation, access to resources, supportive policies, and assistance.

Reinforcing factors

Rewards or responses like praise, encouragement, or consequences that encourage a behavior to happen again.

Essential fat

Fat needed for insulation, cushioning organs, and normal function, approximately $3\%$ for men and $12\%$ for women.

Storage fat

Fat stored in adipose tissue that provides energy during fasting and protects organs, approximately $12\%$ for men and $15\%$ for women.

Apple shape

Body weight distribution concentrated around the abdomen, linked to higher risk for diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

Pear shape

Body weight distribution concentrated around the hips and thighs, generally presenting lower health risks than apple shapes.

Lean body weight

Total body weight minus storage fat, a measurement often used for males.

Minimal body weight

The lowest healthy weight reachable without risking health, a measurement often used for females.

BMI (Body Mass Index)

A measure of weight in relation to height, where a value of $19$ to $25$ is considered healthy/normal.

Setpoint weight

The weight the body naturally tries to defend, affected by genetics, diet, exercise, and dieting history.

Osteoporosis

The deterioration of bone tissue and low bone mass, which increases fracture risk.

Energy density of Fat

$$9\,kcal/g$$

Energy density of Protein

$$4\,kcal/g$$

Energy density of Carbohydrates

$$4\,kcal/g$$

Energy density of Alcohol

$$7\,kcal/g$$

Fiber

Nutrient that protects against constipation, heart disease, and colon cancer; the recommended amount is $25$ to $60\,\text{grams per day}$.

Saturated fat

Fat usually from animal sources that is solid at room temperature and can raise cholesterol.

Unsaturated fat

Fat usually from plant sources that is liquid at room temperature, such as olive oil or avocados.

Trans fat

Unhealthy fat made when oils are hydrogenated; it raises LDL cholesterol.

DRI

Dietary Reference Intakes; guidelines for the amount of each nutrient the body needs.

Healthy Blood Pressure

$$120/80\,mmHg$$

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in the arteries that narrows them and reduces blood flow.

Aneurysm

The ballooning or weakening of an artery wall.

Stroke

Condition occurring when blood flow to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel bursts.

Heart attack

Condition where blood supply to part of the heart is blocked, often from a blocked coronary artery.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Eustress

Good stress, such as a promotion, vacation, or positive challenge.

Distress

Bad stress, such as losing a job, divorce, or overwhelming pressure.

Alarm Reaction

The first stage of chronic stress involving the fight-or-flight response and release of adrenaline.

Resistance Stage

The second stage of chronic stress where the body tries to return to normal while stress continues.

Exhaustion Stage

The third stage of chronic stress where the body can no longer keep up and illness may occur.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Standard

$$500\,mg/L$$

Nitrates Standard

$$10\,mg/L$$

Fluoride Standard

$$4\,mg/L$$

Coliform bacteria Standard

$$0\,colonies/100\,mL$$

Turbidity Standard

$$5\,NTUs$$

Permissible Sound Level

Less than $90\,dBA$ average for $8\,\text{hours}$.

Groundwater

Water that seeps into the earth and fills spaces in aquifers; can be polluted by landfills or septic systems.

Surface water

Water found in rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans; can be polluted by runoff and industrial waste.

Point source pollution

Pollution coming from one clear source, such as a factory pipe or a septic leak.

Non-point source pollution

Pollution coming from many spread-out sources, such as agricultural runoff or pesticides.

Moderate Drinking (Women)

$1\,\text{drink per day}$ ($7\,\text{drinks a week}$).

Moderate Drinking (Men)

$2\,\text{drinks per day}$ ($14\,\text{drinks a week}$).

Carbon monoxide

An invisible, odorless, poisonous gas in cigarette smoke that reduces the oxygen-carrying ability of red blood cells.

Emphysema

Lung disease that destroys the alveoli, hindering oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

Prescription drug misuse

Taking medication in the wrong dose, using someone else's prescription, or using it for a reason other than prescribed.

Fertilization

Process usually occurring in the fallopian tubes/oviducts requiring a viable egg and sperm.

No Birth Control Pregnancy Rate

$85$ pregnancies per $100\,\text{women per year}$ ($15\%$ effective).

Theoretical use

Contraception used correctly $100\%$ of the time in a controlled setting; also known as perfect use.

Emergency Contraception (Plan B)

Pills containing synthetic progestin taken within $72$ to $120\,\text{hours}$ after intercourse to prevent ovulation or implantation; NOT the abortion pill.

Asymptomatic

A condition where a person shows no signs or symptoms of an infection, common in many STIs.

Chlamydia

A bacterial STI that is curable but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if untreated.

HPV

The most common viral STI; vaccines can prevent related cancers and genital warts.

HIV

A viral infection that attacks white blood cells and weakens the immune system; managed with ART.