O Chem Final

What functional group is R-OH?

Alcohol

What functional group is R-O-R?

Ether

What functional group is R-CHO?

Aldehyde

What functional group is R-CO-R?

Ketone

What functional group is R-COOH?

Carboxylic acid

What functional group is R-COOR?

Ester

What functional group is R-NH₂?

Amine

What functional group is R-CONH₂?

Amide

What functional group forms peptide bonds?

Amide

Carbonyl group located at the end of a chain?

Aldehyde

Carbonyl group located within a chain?

Ketone

Functional group of carboxylic acids?

COOH

General reaction to form an ester?

Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water

Esters are known for what property?

Fruity odors

Hydrolysis of an ester produces what?

Carboxylic acid + alcohol

Which has the highest boiling point: alkane, aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid?

Carboxylic acid

O-C=O linkage is what type of bond?

Ester linkage

Triglycerides consist of what?

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids contain how many double bonds?

None

Unsaturated fatty acids contain what?

One or more double bonds

Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain what?

Two or more double bonds

Which fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature?

Saturated fatty acids

Which fatty acids are usually liquid at room temperature?

Unsaturated fatty acids

Hydrogenation converts what to what?

Unsaturated fats → saturated fats

Commercial margarine is produced by what process?

Hydrogenation

Partial hydrogenation may create what?

Trans fats

Products of hydrolysis of a triglyceride?

Glycerol + fatty acids

Products of saponification of a triglyceride?

Glycerol + soap (fatty acid salts)

Cholesterol belongs to what class of lipids?

Steroids

What structural feature identifies a steroid?

Four fused carbon rings

Major function of cholesterol?

Cell membrane component and hormone precursor

Phospholipids contain what two regions?

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Which phospholipid contains fatty acids but no glycerol?

Sphingomyelin

Main component of biological membranes?

Phospholipids

What model describes cell membranes?

Fluid mosaic model

Amines are classified as what type of compound?

Bases

Why are amines basic?

Nitrogen lone pair accepts H⁺

Primary amine structure?

RNH₂

Secondary amine structure?

R₂NH

Tertiary amine structure?

R₃N

Quaternary ammonium structure?

R₄N⁺

Diethylamine is what type of amine?

Secondary amine

Product of diethylamine + HCl?

Diethylammonium chloride

Choline contains what type of nitrogen?

Quaternary ammonium nitrogen

Charge on quaternary ammonium nitrogen?

Positive

Are quaternary ammonium compounds hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic

General reaction forming an amide?

Carboxylic acid + amine → amide + water

Hydrolysis of an amide produces what?

Carboxylic acid + amine

Functional group present in amides?

CONH

Nicotine, caffeine, morphine, and codeine belong to what class?

Alkaloids

Amino acids contain what two functional groups?

Amino and carboxyl

General amino acid structure?

NH₂-CHR-COOH

What varies among amino acids?

R group

At physiological pH, amino acids exist primarily as what?

Zwitterions

Charge of amino group at physiological pH?

Positive

Charge of carboxylate group at physiological pH?

Negative

Glycine side chain?

Hydrogen

Which amino acid side chain contains sulfur and forms disulfide bonds?

Cysteine

What bond links amino acids together?

Peptide bond

Peptide bond is what type of functional group?

Amide

Hydrolysis of a heptapeptide yields how many amino acids?

7

N-terminal amino acid of Trp-Tyr-Gly-Phe?

Tryptophan

Primary protein structure?

Amino acid sequence

Secondary protein structure examples?

Alpha helix and beta sheet

What stabilizes secondary structure?

Hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure refers to what?

Overall 3D folding

What interactions stabilize tertiary structure?

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds

What bond forms between two cysteine residues?

Disulfide bond

Quaternary structure refers to what?

Multiple polypeptide chains assembled together

Immunoglobulins are examples of what level of structure?

Quaternary

Hemoglobin is an example of what level of structure?

Quaternary

Amylase is classified as what type of protein?

Globular protein

Denaturation destroys which protein structures?

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Denaturation destroys which protein structure?

Does NOT destroy primary structure

Which amino acid side chains are found in hydrophobic protein interiors?

Nonpolar side chains

Caffeine is classified as what?

Alkaloid

Cholesterol is classified as what?

Steroid

Soap is chemically what?

Sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid

Saponification produces what?

Soap and glycerol

Hydrolysis produces what?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Four fused rings indicate what?

Steroid

Positive nitrogen with four carbon groups indicates what?

Quaternary ammonium ion

O-C=O linkage indicates what?

Ester

CONH linkage indicates what?

Amide

Protein sequence refers to what structure?

Primary structure

Multiple polypeptide chains indicate what structure?

Quaternary structu