Milesdown biology anki review

A/an [type of synapse] communicates using chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)

chemical synapse

[...] is a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch

Meissner's corpuscle

Red blood cells are formed in [...]

bone marrow

[...] also known as [...] inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary

Prolactin‐release inhibiting factor, dopamine

[...] are very small blood vessels that bring blood from capillary beds to the veins

Venules

Each [...] contains many myofibrils

myocyte

The skeletal system is derived from the [germ layer]

mesoderm

[...] is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled following normal exhalation

Expiratory reserve volume

[...] is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

Tidal volume

The sarcolemma maintains a/an [...] much like a neuron does

membrane potential

Bile is made in the [...] and stored in the [...]

liver, gallbladder

[...] is the relatively fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor

Adaptive radiation

When a membrane is depolarized, the membrane potential becomes more [positive or negative] compared to its resting potential

positive

[Hormone] is a gonadotropin that induces ovulation

LH

[...] is the combination of alleles one has at a given locus

Genotype

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that help the body pass waste as urine and also help [...]

filter blood before sending it back to the heart

[...] signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is directly adjacent or attached

Juxtacrine

The [... tract] is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, controlling movements of the limbs and trunk

corticospinal tract

The[...]carry the contraction impulse from both the left and right bundle branch to the myocardium of the ventricles

Purkinje fibers

[...] is the percentage of blood composed of RBCs

Hematocrit

Skeletal muscle [is or is not] striated

is

Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to [...]

evaporative cooling

The [... pathway] is a central regulator of the inflammatory response

arachidonic acid pathway

The [...] is a hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is also called the windpipe

trachea

[...] are 1 cell thick and make up the endothelial wall

Capillaries

[...] is a membrane receptor that transfers a signal from outside the cell to the inside of the cell

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) does not have a β subunit so [...] has less of an affect

2,3-BPG

The [... valve] is between the right atrium and the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

In a/an [... synapse], there is a direct physical connection (gap junctions) between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

electrical synapse

In neurological terms, [...] are the spontaneous firing of a motor unit

fasciculations

A/an [type of protein] interferes with viral replication and dispersion

interferon

At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the presynaptic neuron to release [...]

neurotransmitters

The Griffith experiment showed that bacteria can get DNA through a process called [...]

transformation

[...] stem cells can develop into multiple specialized cell types

Multipotent

[...] are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure

Pacinian corpuscles

Microfilaments make up part of the cell's [...]

cytoskeleton

[Enzyme] is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart dipeptides (bound pairs of amino acids)

Dipeptidase

Female egg pathway:

ovary oviduct fallopian tube uterus cervix vagina

[... mutations] are much larger than nucleotide mutations and affect whole segments of DNA

Chromosomal mutations

[Type] muscle provides support and is involved with movement, blood propulsion, and thermoregulation

Skeletal

The primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is [...]

Acetylcholine

A/an [...] occurs when the immune system overreacts to a harmless substance known as an allergen

allergic reaction

Aldosterone increases [...] reabsorption which causes increased osmolarity in the blood

sodium

The [...] is the first part of the large intestine and is an outpocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine

cecum

“Thick skin” is found only on [...] and the [...]

the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

[...] make myelin in PNS

Schwann cells

The G-Protein is classified as a heterotrimeric protein because [...]

it is made up of 3 subunits: α, β, γ

The [...] transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles

bundle of his

Cardiac muscle is [nucleation]

uninucelated

[Protein] is attached to the protein [protein] and the two regulate actin-myosin interactions

Troponin, tropomyosin

[...] binds to the myosin head, allowing it to release from actin

ATP

The [...] is the muscular lining of bladder. It relaxes to store urine and contracts during urination

detrusor muscle

In [mitosis phase], chromosomes meet in middle of the cell

metaphase

[...] is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene that also express an associated trait

Penetrance

Gram - is [color] and has a [thick or thin] wall

pink / red, thin

[Color] skeletal muscle fibers are fast-twitch and carry out anaerobic metabolism

White

Sarcomeres attached end-to-end to become [...]

myofibrils

[...] signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells

Paracrine

Hyperpolarization occurs because K+ channels are [...]

slow to close

The [...] is a network of capillaries located at the beginning of each nephron in the kidney

glomerulus

Identify the missing item in the blood pathway:

right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → [pulmonary ...] → lungs → [pulmonary ...] → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → venae cavae → right atrium

pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins

[...] is a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial enzymes like defensins

Skin

[...] are bacteria viruses that use a tail sheath to inject DNA / RNA

Bacteriophages

[...] is an electrical potential difference between the inside and outside of a cell

Membrane potential

The [internal or external] urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control

external

White blood cells (leukocytes) come in five major types that are divided into the following two groups:

[...]

[...]

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

[... evolution] is the process whereby organisms that are not closely related will independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

Convergent evolution

Gram + is [color] and has a [thick or thin] wall

purple, thick

This is an example of [...] epithelial tissue

transitional

[...] are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding

Prions

The [part of nephron] and [part of nephron] flow in opposite directions, creating a countercurrent multiplier system that allows maximal reabsorption of water

vasa recta, loop of Henle

[...] are the demolition and recycling center

Lysosomes

The [...] synthesizes bile, albumin and clotting factors

liver

A/an [...] is a junction between two nerve cells

synapse

[...] are individual virus particles that are found extracellular

Virions

Female chromosome pairs are [XX or XY]

XX

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord is [...]

glycine

Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption in the [...] and [...], thereby increasing H2O reabsorption and raising blood pressure

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

[...] refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome

X-linked recessive inheritance

[... motor] skills are large movements a baby makes with his or her arms, legs, feet, or entire body

Gross motor

This is an example of [shape] bacteria

spirilla (spiral)

[type of microorganism] toggle between aerobic and anaerobic

Facultative anaerobes

The [...] is the principal site of the conversion of tyrosine into the catecholamines

adrenal medulla

During the [cell cycle phase], cells synthesize mRNA and proteins

G1 phase

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the [...]

duodenum

Myoglobin stores and releases oxygen in [...]

muscle tissue

[...] stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the biliary tree

CCK

Epinephrine is a/an [...]

catecholamine

Frequency summation is the addition of [...] before the muscle has a chance to fully relax

multiple simple twitches

When multiplepresynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at thesame timeand trigger an action potential, it is known as[...]

spatial summation

[...] in the skin can detect temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or pain (nociception)

Free nerve endings

A/an [...] is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment

Punnett square

A/an [...] is a variant form of a gene located at the same position on a chromosome

allele

Blood pressure is sensed and maintained by[...]and[...]

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

[...] attach bones to other bones

Ligaments

The [smooth or rough] ER makes proteins from mRNA

rough

[Hormone] has the following effects:

In males, it triggers spermatogenesis and stimulates Sertoli cells

In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles

FSH

This is an example of [shape] bacteria

bacilli (rod)

A recessive allele is only expressed if an organism is [...] for that trait both alleles are recessive

homozygous

The main excitatory transmitter in the CNS is [...]

Glutamate