(Evidence) APUSH Chapter 26: The Civil Rights Movement

Executive Order 8802

(1941) forbid discrimination on the basis of race in government and defense positions, and established the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)

Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)

(1941-1946) a government agency with limited powers that aimed to prevent racial or religious discrimination in government jobs during WWII

“Double V” Campaign

(1942-1943) an American WWII movement that sought to fight for victory on two fronts – abroad over Nazism, and at home over racism

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

(founded 1942) a nonviolent peace organization that was founded to fight for the civil rights of African Americans

1947 Journey of Reconciliation

a two-week multiracial bus ride through the South to desegregate strictly segregated public transport – the people on these buses met violent opposition from whites

“To Secure These Rights”

(1947) a report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for federal action to ensure equality for African Americans – in response, President Truman signed executive orders to desegregate federal agencies and asked Congress to make law every one of the recommendations in the report

Dixiecrats

(1948) a group of white Southern Democrats who broke away because they opposed President Truman’s calls to legally ensure black equality

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

(1935-1955) a federation of labor unions in the US and Canada that helped groups such as African Americans, immigrants, and women improve their situations

American GI Forum

(founded 1948) a group founded by WWII veterans to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans

Community Service Organization (CSO)

(founded 1948) a Latino civil rights group founded in LA that trained many Latino politicians and leaders like Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

Mendez v. Westminster School District

(1947) five fathers sued the Westminster school district for placing their children in separate “Mexican schools” – they won, and the Ninth Circuit Court ruled the segregation unconstitutional

California Alien Land Law of 1913

a law that prohibited aliens – specifically directed at Japanese immigrants – from owning land or entering land leases

Smith v. Allwright

(1944) Thurgood Marshall convinced the Supreme Court to rule all-white primaries in voting unconstitutional

McLaurin v. Oklahoma

(1950) Thurgood Marshall convinced the Supreme Court to rule that universities could not segregate black students from others on campus

Brown v. Board of Education

(1954) a landmark case in which the Supreme Court overturned the “seperate but equal” doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional and in violation of the 14th Amendment

Brown II

(1955) the Supreme Court declared that the educational desegregation that Brown v. Board of Education entailed needed to happen ASAP

Southern Manifesto

(1956) after the Brown ruling, 101 Southern politicians signed this manifesto, which declared the Brown ruling an abuse of power and called for resistance to the ruling

Little Rock Nine

(1957) nine brave African American students tried to enroll at and desegregate Little Rock’s Central High School, and when they were met with white mobs, President Eisenhower sent the National Guard to ensure their safety

Montgomery Bus Boycott

(1955-1956) the yearlong boycott of Montgomery buses due to segregation and in the wake of Rosa Parks’ arrest

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

(founded 1957) a group founded by Dr. King and dozens of other black ministers that coordinated civil rights activity in the South

Greensboro sit-ins

(1960) a series of nonviolent protests in which African Americans would sit att whites-only counters in Greensboro, NC, until these counters were eventually desegregated

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

(founded 1960) a student civil rights group that conducted sit-ins, voter registration drives, and more to advance racial equality in the 1960s

Freedom Rides

(1961) a series of multiracial sit-ins conducted on interstate bus lines to truly desegregate them after the Supreme Court ruled transport segregation unconstitutional – organized by CORE, inspired by SNCC, and risked the lives of the riders

March on Washington

(1963) a quarter million marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow discrimination and help employment in black communities

“I Have A Dream” speech

(1963) Dr. King’s famous speech during the March on Washington that called for the end of segregation, racism, and discrimination

Civil Rights Act of 1964

law that responded to the demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal

Freedom Summer

(1964) a campaign launched by civil rights activists in Mississippi to raise the percentage of eligible voting African Americans from 5% to a high number

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

(1964-1968) a multiracial political party founded in Mississippi during Freedom Summer to protest the exclusion of black voters from the Democratic Party in that state

Bloody Sunday

(1965) protesters at the beginning of a 54-mile march from Selma, AL, to the capital, Montgomery, AL, were stopped and brutally beaten by state police

Voting Rights Act of 1965

passed by LBJ, outlawed measures designed to prevent African Americans from voting and authorized investigations of counties with less than 50% voter registration

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

(1964) outlawed poll taxes in federal elections

black nationalism

(1800s-1900s) a movement that promoted black racial pride and autonomy, and drove groups like the Nation of Islam and Black Panther Party

Nation of Islam

(founded 1930) combines elements of the religion of Islam with black nationalism, self-improvement, and a rejection of white culture

Organization of Afro-American Unity

(1964-1965) founded by Malcolm X to promote black power and promote civil rights groups, though it dissolved shortly after his assassination in 1965

Young Lords Organization (YLO)

(1968-1976) an organization inspired by the Black Panther Party that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and Carribean

Poor People’s Campaign

(1968) a massive movement led by civil rights activists and Dr. King to fight economic injustice – this was where Dr. King was assassinated

United Farm Workers (UFW)

(founded 1962) a union of farm workers founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta in 1962 that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitation

Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF)

(founded 1967) a Mexican American civil rights organization that was based on the NAACP’s model, this group focused on legal issues and winning protection from discrimination through court decisions

American Indian Movement

(founded 1968) an organization established to address the problems that Native Americans faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment