BacT final BIOL 250 SIUE

Adaptive immunity

Respond to the unique species or strain in addition to conve the in molecular memory, can we sell mediated or humoral response

Humoral response

Mediated by the lymphocytes which results in the production of antibodies and memory B cells

Cell mediated response

Mediated by T lymphocytes and results in the production of memory T cells

B lymphocytes

Contain a B cell receptor that allows for the binding of epitope, produces antibodies

T lymphocytes

Have a T cell receptor that allows for binding of epitope

Types of B lymphocytes

Plasma cells and memory B cells

Types of T lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, TH1, TH2, regulatory T lymphocytes

Antigens

Any molecule or molecular component that triggers an immune response

Exogenous antigen

Type of antigen that is Toxic, secretions, cell wall components

Endogenus antigens

Produced inside of the host cell, virus

Autoantigens

antigens on the surface of normal body cells

Antibodies functions

Neutralization , opsonization, oxidation, agglutination , ADCC

Neutralization

ABS bind to tocsin, ABS bind to surface of microbe which can neutralize virulence

Opsonization

ABS code the surface of the micro, FC portion binds to FC receptor on phagocyte, mediated by IgG, allowed to start process of phagocytosis

Oxidation

Some ABS have catalytic properties, may produce reactive and toxic oxygen species such as oZone, H2O2, oxidants, kills bacteria

Agglutination

Numerous ABS aggregate antigens together, can lead to precipitation and increase the chances of phagocytosis

ADCC

ABS bind two surface of microbe, FC portion binds to FC receptor on natural killer cells, NK releases performin and granzyme which triggers apoptosis

Class I MHC

Present on any nucleated cell, activation of Tc cells that is mediated by CD8

Class II MHC

present on B cell or any APC, Activation of TH cells that is mediated by CD4 and additional coast stimulating proteins

Professional APCs

Macrophages, dendritic cells with both MHCI and MHCII

Nonprofessional APCs

microglia and kupffer cells

Red bone marrow

Where does clonal deletion of B cells of occur

Primary response of immunological memory

IgM spike early, IgG spike late

Secondary response of immunological memory

IgG amplified early that can stimulate phagocytosis, IGM spike very early due to memory

Naturally acquired active immunity

Body responds naturally to antigen

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Antibodies transferred from mother, can be by breast milk or placenta

Artificially acquired active immunity

Example is vaccines

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Antisera or antitoxins obtained from immune individuals or animals

Hypersensitivity

Any immune response against a foreign Antigen that is exaggerated

Type II ( cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity

Cells are destroyed during these reactions, ABO blood transfusion incompatibility

Type III (immune complex mediated) Hypersensitivity

Immune complex is form and accumulate because they are not phagocytosis

Type IV (delayed or cell mediated) Hypersensitivity

Not antibody mediated, deals with APC and T cells

Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity

Develop within seconds of exposure to antigen, commonly caused by allergens with a reaction called an allergy, IgE mediated response that activates basophils, mast cells, Eosinophilsthat results in degranulation

Catalase positive, salt tolerant

What are characteristics of the genus staphylococcus

Staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis

What are two common species associated with staphylococcal disease

Protein A that prevents opsonization and inhibits phagocytosis

What are some Structural or defenses against phagocytosis of staphylococcus

Coagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, lipase, penicillinSe

List five enzymes associated with staphylococcus pathogenicity

Coagulase

Staphylococcal enzyme that Triggers blood clotting

Hyaluronidase

Staphylococcal enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid which is a part of the extracellular matrix in animals

Staphylokinase

Staphylococcal enzyme that Dissolves a fibrin clot

Lipase

Staphylococcal enzyme that breaks down lipids on surface of the human skin

Penicillinase/beta lactamase

Staphylococcal enzyme that Cleaves lactam ring of antibiotics making a bacterium resistant to antibiotics

Cyolitic toxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin, enterotoxins

What are four toxins associated with the pathogenicity of staphylococcus

Cidal lytic toxins

Staphylococcal toxin that promote cell lysis, toxin disrupts the plasma membrane of cells

Exfoliative toxin

Staphylococcal tocsin that promotes dissolution of desmosomes and skin peels off, common in newborns

Toxic Shock syndrome toxin

Staphylococcal toxin that is a super Antigen that directly cross-links TCRs to MHCII without a processed antigen

Enterotoxins

Staphylococcal toxin designated A-E That induces muscle contraction of gastrointestinal tract

Non-invasive disease, cutaneous disease, systemic disease

What are the three categories of staphylococcal diseases

Noninvasive disease

Staphylococcal disease that is usually due to Antero toxins, toxins are heat stable, food poisoning

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

Staphylococcal cutaneous disease that causes pyogenic lesions where by Epidermal layers peel off but do not contain staph cells just the exfoliative toxin

Impetigo

Staphylococcal cutaneous disease that is a staph infection containing cells

Folliculitis

Staphylococcal Cutaneous disease that is inflammation of the hair follicle

Bacteremia

Staphylococcal systemic disease that is caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood

Endocarditis

Staphylococcal systemic disease that causes inflammation stemming from bacterial invasion of the outer layers of the heart and heart valves

Empyema

Staphylococcal Systemic disease that is the accumulation of purse in the space between the lungs and chest wall

Catalase negative

What is a characteristic of the Streptococcus genus

Hemolysis reactions, serological reactions

How do you differentiate between the species of Streptococcus

Group A Streptococcus

Which serological reaction creates a large zone of beta hemolysis, streptococcus pyogenes?

Group B streptococcus

Which serological reaction creates a small zone of beta hemolysis, Streptococcus agalactiae?

Viridans group

Which which serological reaction doesn't have Lansfield designation and creates alpha hemolysis

M protein, hyaluronic acid capsules

what structural defenses against phagocytosis to group A Streptococcus contain

M protein

Group A Streptococcus structural defense that interferes with complement, prevents opsonization, allow strep to a here to cells

Hyaluronic acid capsules

Group A Streptococcus structural defense that allows camouflaging

Pyrogenic toxins that stimulate fever

What are toxins associated with group A Streptococcus

Streptolysins

Extra group A Streptococcus protein that allows apoptosis

Form capsule, but antibodies target capsular antigens, usually affects newborns

What is the pathogenicity of Group B streptococcus

Neonatal bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia

What are some Group B streptococcal diseases

Alpha hemolytic streptococci

Streptococci bacteria that is not part of the Lancefield group, normally inhabit the mouth, pharynx, G.I. tract, urogenital tract

Forms capsule, secretes protein adhesion, pneumolysins

What is the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Catalase negative, Lancefield group de but unencapsulated, not hemolytic

What are characteristics of the genus enterococcus

E. Faecalis, E. Faecium

What are two types of enterococcus that can be found in the human colon

Secrete bacteriocins

What is the pathogenicity of enterococcus

Bacteriocins

Cytolysins that inhibit growth of gram-positive

Bacteremia, endocarditis and wound infections, 10% of nosocomial infections

What are some diseases associated with enterococcus

Soil dwelling organisms that produce endospores

What are some characteristics of bacillus

Bacillus anthracis

What is the most notable pathogenic species of bacillus

Anthrax toxin

What is the pathogenicity of bacillus

Anthrax That creates dead tissue

What is the disease associated with bacillus

Anthrax toxins

Create holes in host cells and stimulate apoptosis

Ambiguous in the soil, water and GI tracks of animals, and a spore producing

What are some characteristics of clostridium

Gas gangrene, pseudomembranous colitis, Botulism, tetanus

What are some diseases associated with clostridium

considered one of the deadliest toxins, toxins prevent neurotransmitter release that results in flaccid paralysis

What is the pathogenicity of clostridium botulinum

Produces Tetanospasm That causes both muscles to contract

What is the pathogenicity of clostridium tetani

Listeria

Bacilli that can grow and survive in cold temperatures and can cross placenta to affect the fetus

Pleomorphic, non-endospore forming, snapping divisions

What are some characteristics of the genus cornyebacterium

C. diphtheriae

Lysogenic bacterial phage in the cell that produces the diphtheria toxin which blocks peptide synthesis causing cell death

Non-endospore forming, cell walls contain my cholic acid

What are some characteristics of the genus mycobacterium

M. Tuberculosis, M. Leprae

What are two diseases that mycobacterium causes in humans

Nonendospore forming, on skin, Produce propionic acid as a byproduct of fermentation

What are some characteristics of the genus Propionibacterium

Contain elongated filamentous cells that resemble fungal hyphae

What are some characteristics of Nocardia and Actinomyces

Lipid A

What lipid of gram-negative cell walls causes leukocytes to release cytokines, blood clotting reactions, complement proteins

Neisseria

Type of gram-negative betaProteobacteria That is a gram-negative cocci

Coliforms

Gammaproteobacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae That is a part of the normal microbiota, Ferment lactose and produces gas

Enterobacteriaceae

Differentiated from the pasteurellaceae by an oxidate test, oxidates negative, divided into coliforms and non-coliforms

Non-coliforms

Does not ferment lactose and doesn't produce a red color on MacConkey agar

Salmonella

Belongs to a single species S. Enterica, most human infections result from consumption of food contaminated with animal feces, can gain access to circulatory system, truly pathogenic enterobacteriaceae

Shigella

Results in prelime bloody diarrhea, fever, severe abdominal cramps, has four species, can gain access to circulatory system, truly pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae

Yersinia

Has three normal species that are pathogens to animals

Pseudomonadaceae

Graham negative aerobic Basili, ambiguous in the soil, Dekaine matter, moist environments