Anatomy circulation+respiration+digestion

What are the components of blood?

Plasma + formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Plasma = liquid with clotting factors; Serum = plasma without clotting factors

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the function of leukocytes?

Fight infection

What are the two types of leukocytes?

Granular and agranular

What is the function of platelets?

Blood clotting

What is hematopoiesis?

Formation of blood cells

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Bone marrow

What is erythropoiesis?

Production of red blood cells

What is leukopoiesis?

Production of white blood cells

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Distribution and diffusion

What is distribution in the context of the cardiovascular system?

Transport of blood, nutrients, gases

What is diffusion in the context of the cardiovascular system?

Exchange of substances at capillaries

What are the two circulatory processes?

Pulmonary and systemic

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

Heart ↔ lungs (oxygenation)

What is the function of systemic circulation?

Heart ↔ body

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

What is the function of myocardium?

Muscle for contraction

What is the function of pericardium?

Protects and reduces friction

What is pericardial fluid?

Lubricates heart movement

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right/left atria, right/left ventricles

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

Between right atrium and ventricle

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve located?

Between left atrium and ventricle

What is the function of semilunar valves?

Prevent backflow from arteries

What is the function of chordae tendineae?

Anchor valves

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Arteries, veins, capillaries

What is the function of arteries?

Carry blood away from heart

What is the function of veins?

Carry blood to heart

What is the function of capillaries?

Exchange (diffusion)

What are the layers of arteries/veins?

Tunica intima, media, externa

Which type of blood vessel has a thicker tunica media?

Arteries

What is the function of the aorta?

Main artery supplying body

What is the function of the vena cava?

Returns blood to right atrium

From where does the pulmonary trunk originate?

Right ventricle

Where do the pulmonary veins go?

Left atrium

What is anastomosis?

Connection between vessels

What is bifurcation?

Splitting into two branches

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out)

What is ventilation?

Movement of air

What are the two processes of ventilation?

Inhalation and exhalation

What controls the ventilation rate?

CO₂ levels, pH, oxygen demand

What is external respiration?

Lungs (air ↔ blood)

What is internal respiration?

Blood ↔ tissues

What is cellular respiration?

Cells use oxygen for energy

What are the segments of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What is the function of the larynx?

Voice + airway

What is the structure of the trachea?

Cartilage rings

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli

What is the air pathway order?

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Prevents food from entering airway

What is digestion?

Breakdown of food into absorbable nutrients

What are the four processes of digestion?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

What is the function of the esophagus?

Moves food to stomach

What is the function of the stomach?

Chemical digestion

What are the parts of the small intestine in order?

Duodenum → jejunum → ileum

Where does most absorption occur?

Small intestine

What is the function of the large intestine?

Water absorption

What is the function of the liver?

Produces bile

What is the function of the pancreas?

Digestive enzymes

What is the function of the salivary glands?

Begin digestion

What is bolus?

Chewed food mass

What is chyme?

Partially digested food

What is mastication?

Chewing

What is peristalsis?

Wave-like movement of food

What is emulsification?

Breakdown of fats