Cadaver Anatomy exam 2 Lungs and Plurae

What are the two major regions of the respiratory system?

Conducting region and respiratory region

What structures are included in the conducting region?

Nasal cavity through terminal bronchioles

What is the main function of the conducting region?

Condition and conduct inspired air

What structures are included in the respiratory region?

Respiratory bronchioles through alveoli

What is the primary function of the respiratory region?

Gas exchange

What is ventilation?

Movement of air between atmosphere and lungs

What structures form the ventilatory mechanism?

Diaphragm, thoracic cage muscles, accessory muscles, and lung elastic tissue

What creates pressure differences during breathing?

Changes in thoracic volume

What are the 6 major functions of the respiratory system?

Ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, phonation, olfaction, immunologic defense

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Inhalation and exhalation

What is external respiration?

Gas exchange between lungs and bloodstream

What is internal respiration?

Gas exchange between bloodstream and tissues

What is phonation?

Sound production from vibration of vocal cords

What is olfaction?

Sense of smell beginning in nasal cavity

Name 3 respiratory immunologic defenses.

Hair, coughing, sneezing

Do pleural sacs communicate across the midline?

No

What occupies the pulmonary cavities?

Lungs and pleurae

What occupies the mediastinum?

Trachea and thoracic organs

What are the two layers of pleura?

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Which pleura adheres to the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

Which pleura lines the thoracic wall?

Parietal pleura

What structures does the parietal pleura line?

Thoracic wall, mediastinum, diaphragm

What is the endothoracic fascia?

Loose connective tissue between thoracic wall and parietal pleura

What is the pleural cavity?

Potential space between pleural layers

What is found in the pleural cavity?

Thin layer of serous pleural fluid

What is the function of pleural fluid?

Lubrication and surface tension

How does pleural fluid help keep lungs expanded?

Surface tension couples lungs to thoracic wall

At what location are visceral and parietal pleura continuous?

Root/hilum of lung

What is the cupula?

Cervical pleura extending above first rib

What causes lung collapse if pleural pressure is lost?

Elastic recoil of lungs

Name the four parts of the parietal pleura.

Cervical, costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

What are pleural reflections?

Areas where parietal pleura changes direction

What is the bare area of the pericardium?

Area where pericardium contacts thoracic wall

At what ICS is the bare area located?

5th-6th intercostal space

What procedure accesses the pericardium through the bare area?

Pericardiocentesis

What are pleural recesses?

Areas where parietal pleura oppose each other

What is the largest pleural recess?

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Where does fluid commonly collect in the pleural cavity?

Costodiaphragmatic recess

At the midclavicular line, the pleural recess spans which ICS?

ICS 6-8

At the midaxillary line, the pleural recess spans which ICS?

ICS 8-10

At the paravertebral line, the pleural recess spans which ICS?

ICS 10-12

What can accumulate in pleural recesses?

Air, fluid, blood, pus

What is pleural effusion?

Accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity

What is another term for pleural effusion?

Hydrothorax

What symptoms are associated with pleural effusion?

Dyspnea, chest pain, dry cough

Name causes of pleural effusion.

CHF, pneumonia, TB, cancer, liver or kidney disease, mesothelioma, pulmonary embolism

What is empyema?

Pus in pleural cavity

What is another term for empyema?

Pyothorax

What commonly causes empyema?

Bacterial pneumonia

What is hemothorax?

Blood in pleural cavity

Common causes of hemothorax?

Trauma or pneumonia complications

What is pneumothorax?

Air in pleural cavity

How does pneumothorax affect intrapleural pressure?

Increases pressure and removes negative pressure

What symptoms occur in pneumothorax?

Chest pain and dyspnea

What is atelectasis?

Collapse of lung tissue

Where is chest tube insertion commonly performed?

Midaxillary line at 5th-6th ICS

What is thoracocentesis?

Needle aspiration of pleural fluid/air

Where is thoracocentesis commonly performed?

8th-9th ICS near/posterior to midaxillary line

Why must thoracocentesis avoid abdominal organs?

Prevent injury to liver or spleen

What surrounds the lungs?

Pleural cavity formed by pleurae

What suspends the lungs from mediastinum?

Root of lung

Where is the apex of the lung located?

Above first rib into root of neck

What is the base of the lung?

Concave inferior surface on diaphragm

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Three

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Two

What fissures are in the right lung?

Horizontal and oblique fissures

What fissure is in the left lung?

Oblique fissure

What is the lingula?

Left lung projection analogous to right middle lobe

What is the hilum?

Doorway for bronchi, vessels, nerves entering lung

What structure is usually superior in the hilum?

Pulmonary artery

What structure is posterior in the hilum?

Main bronchus

What carries deoxygenated blood to lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

What carries oxygenated blood from lungs?

Pulmonary veins

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Pleural fold inferior to lung root

What structures pass posterior to root of lung?

Vagus nerve and posterior pulmonary plexus

What structures pass anterior to root of lung?

Phrenic nerve and anterior pulmonary plexus

Why is the right lung shorter?

Right dome of diaphragm is higher

Why is the left lung narrower?

Heart occupies left thoracic space

At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

Sternal angle/T4-T5

What is the carina?

Ridge separating main bronchi

What type of cartilage supports trachea?

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

What epithelium lines the bronchi?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How many lobar bronchi are in the right lung?

Three

How many lobar bronchi are in the left lung?

Two

What do segmental bronchi supply?

Bronchopulmonary segments

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung?

10

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung?

8-10

What structures follow terminal bronchioles?

Respiratory bronchioles

What structures follow respiratory bronchioles?

Alveolar sacs

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

Functional surgical unit of lung

What structures define a bronchopulmonary segment?

Segmental bronchus and pulmonary artery branch

What separates bronchopulmonary segments?

Connective tissue septa

Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?

Disease can remain localized

Can bronchopulmonary segments be surgically removed?

Yes

What is segmentectomy?

Removal of one or more bronchopulmonary segments

What is lobectomy?

Removal of a lung lobe

What is pneumonectomy?

Removal of entire lung

What is the primary site of gas exchange?

Alveoli

Which pneumocyte produces surfactant?

Type II pneumocyte

What is the function of surfactant?

Reduce alveolar surface tension