[PHARMACOGNOSY] Alkaloids

e. All alkaloids are basic

NOT ALL alkaloids are basic.

True about alkaloids except:

a. Bitter

b. They contain nitrogen usually in heterocyclic ring

c. Most of them are physiologically active even in small amounts

d. Almost all are poisonous

e. All alkaloids are basic

f. None

d. a and b

Colchicine

Piperine

Non-basic alkaloids:

a. Colchicine

b. Piperine

c. Caffeine

d. a and b

e. All

c. Na2CO3 - Sodium carbonate

To convert an alkaloid salt into a free base, which of the following should be added?

a. NaCl

b. NaOH

c. Na2CO3

d. NaHCO3

e. None

Alkaloids are mostly solids. The following are the liquid alkaloids except:

a. Coniine

b. Arecoline

c. Nicotine

d. Sparteine

e. None

a. Coniine

Coniium maculatum

Poison hemlock

a. Coniine

b. Arecoline

c. Nicotine

d. Sparteine

d. Sparteine

Scotch broom

Cystisus scoparius

a. Coniine

b. Arecoline

c. Nicotine

d. Sparteine

a. Free alkaloids

Soluble in ether and chloroform

a. Free alkaloids

b. Alkaloidal salts

b. Alkaloidal salts

Highly insoluble precipitates in heavy metals.

a. Free alkaloids

b. Alkaloidal salts

a. Alkali

Alkaloidal salt + ______ = Free base

a. Alkali

b. Acid

b. Acid

Free base + ___________ = Alkaloidal salt

a. Alkali

b. Acid

b. Alkaloidal salts

Polar form of alkaloids.

a. Free

b. Alkaloidal salts

a. Free

Non polar form of alkaloids.

a. Free

b. Alkaloidal salts

a. True alkaloids

Derived from amino acids and have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen.

a. True alkaloids

b. Protoalkaloids

c. Pseudoalkaloids

b. Protoalkaloids

Derived from amino acids but do not have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen.

a. True alkaloids

b. Protoalkaloids

c. Pseudoalkaloids

c. Pseudoalkaloids

Not derived from amino acids but have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen.

a. True alkaloids

b. Protoalkaloids

c. Pseudoalkaloids

a. True

Types of alkaloids.

Pyridine-piperidine

Tropane

Quinoline

Isoquinoline

Indole

Imidazole

Steroid

Terpenoid

Alkaloidal amine

Purine

a. True

b. False

e. None

Alkaloidal precipitants can be all of the following except:

a. Reagents that form double salts

b. Reagents containing halogens

c. Organic acids

d. Oxygenated high molecular weight acids

e. None

e. Wagner's reagent - This is IODINE CONTAINING alkaloidal reagent.

Alkaloidal reagents that form double salts except:

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Gold chloride

d. Valser's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

f. None

b. Mayer's reagent -

Ma-MeKI

Mercuric Potassium Iodide

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Gold chloride

d. Valser's reagent

a. Dragendorff's reagent

Potassium Bismuth Iodide

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Gold chloride

d. Valser's reagent

d. Valser's reagent

KI and HgI

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Gold chloride

d. Valser's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

Halogen containing but do not form double salt.

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Gold chloride

d. Valser's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

Iodine in Potassium Iodide

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Gold chloride

d. Valser's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

c. Bouchdart's reagent

Most sensitive alkaloidal reagent composed of Iodine in KI.

a. Dragendorff's reagent

b. Mayer's reagent

c. Bouchdart's reagent

d. Valser's reagent

e. Wagner's reagent

a, Marme's reagent

K Cd Iodine

a. Marme's reagent

b. Bouchdart's reagent

c. Hager's reagent

d. Sonnenschein's reagent

e. Scheibler's reagent

c. Hager's reagent

Picric acid which is an organic acid alkaloidal reagent

a. Marme's reagent

b. Bouchdart's reagent

c. Hager's reagent

d. Sonnenschein's reagent

e. Scheibler's reagent

d. a and b

Tannic acid

Picric acid

Organics acids that can be used as alkaloidal reagent.

a. Tannic acid

b. Picric acid

c. Tartaric acid

d. a and b

e. All

e. All

Alkaloidal reagents that are oxygenated HMW acids.

a. Sonnenschein's reagent

b. Scheibler's reagent

c. Silicotungestic acid

d. a and b

e. All

d. Sonnenschein's reagent

Phosphomolybdic acid

a. Marme's reagent

b. Bouchdart's reagent

c. Hager's reagent

d. Sonnenschein's reagent

e. Scheibler's reagent

e. Scheibler's reagent

Phosphotungstic acid

a. Marme's reagent

b. Bouchdart's reagent

c. Hager's reagent

d. Sonnenschein's reagent

e. Scheibler's reagent

a. True

Chemical tests for alkaloids.

Dragendorff's Test

Mayer's Test

Wagner's Test

Hager's Test

Tannic Acid Test

Ammonia Reineckate Test

a. True

b. False

a. Dragendorff's test

Positive result: formation of orangish red color

a. Dragendorff's Test

b. Mayer's Test

c. Wagner's Test

d. Hager's Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

b. Mayer's test

Positive result: formation of creamy-white precipitate

a. Dragendorff's Test

b. Mayer's Test

c. Wagner's Test

d. Hager's Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

c. Wagner's test

Positive result: formation of reddish-brown precipitate

a. Dragendorff's Test

b. Mayer's Test

c. Wagner's Test

d. Hager's Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

d. Hager's test

Positive result: formation of crystalline yellow precipitate

a. Dragendorff's Test

b. Mayer's Test

c. Wagner's Test

d. Hager's Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

Positive result: formation of buff colored precipitate

a. Dragendorff's Test

b. Mayer's Test

c. Wagner's Test

d. Hager's Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

f. Ammonia Reineckate test

Positive result: formation of pink flocculent precipitate

a. Dragendorff's Test

b. Mayer's Test

c. Wagner's Test

d. Hager's Test

e. Tannic Acid Test

f. Ammonia Reineckate test

a. I, II, III

PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS

I. Nicotine

II. Arecoline

III. Lobeline

a. I, II, III

b. I, II

c. I, III

d. III, IV

a. Nicotine

Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum

CNS stimulant, smoking deterrent

Gum (Nicoret); Patch (Nicoderm)

a. Nicotine

b. Arecoline

c. Lobeline

a. Nicotine

Used as temporary aid for the cessation of cigarette smoking and is available as transdermal patches.

a. Nicotine

b. Arecoline

c. Lobeline

e. None

PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDS except:

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

e. None

a. Arecoline

Areca/Areca Nut/Betel nut

Areca catechu

CNS stimulant

Anthelmintic

Tannin content causes esophageal cancer or oral cancer

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

a. Arecoline

Alkaloid present in betel nut which ca cause esophageal cancer.

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

b. Lobeline

Lobelia/Indian Tobacco

Lobelia inflata

CNS stimulant

Smoking deterrent

Respiratory stimulant, used in asthma preparation

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

b. Lobeline

Alkaloid smoking deterrent found in Indian tobacco.

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

c. Piperine

Pepper

Piper nigrum

Treatment gonorrhea/chronic bronchitis

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

d. Coniine

Antispasmodic, sedative, anodyne alkaloid found in poison hemlock.

a. Arecoline

b. Lobeline

c. Piperine

d. Coniine

e. None

TROPANE ALKALOIDS except:

a. Scopolamine

b. Cocaine

c. Atropine

d. Mandragorine

e. None

a. True

TROPANE ALKALOIDS sources:

Henbane

Belladona

Stramonium

Duboisa

Withania

Mandragora

a. True

b. False

e. None

Duboisia myoporoides and Withania somnifera are major commercial source.

Commercial source of atropine except:

a. Hyoscyamus niger

b. Hyoscyamus muticus

c. Duboisia myoporoides

d. Withania somnifera

e. None

c. Duboisia myoporoides

Main commercial source of atropine.

a. Hyoscyamus niger

b. Hyoscyamus muticus

c. Duboisia myoporoides

d. Withania somnifera

e. All

True about tropane alkaloids:

a. From Solanaceae family except cocaine

b. Tropane ring is from arginine and ornitine

c. Tropic acid is from phenylalanine

d. a and b

e. All

b. Cocaine

Tropane alkaloids that is not from Solanaceae family but from Erythroxylaceae instead.

a. Scopolamine

b. Cocaine

c. Atropine

d. Mandragorine

c. Scopolamine

First transdermal made.

a. Nicotine

b. Lobeline

c. Scopolamine

d. Hyoscine

b. Belladona

Atropa belladonna

Contains atropine

• Parasympathetic

• Adjunct in treatment of peptic ulcer

• Spasmolytic agent

• Antidote for physostigmine and organophosphate insecticides

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

a. Henbane

Hyoscyamus niger

Hog + Bean

• Toxic to swine

• Anticholinergic

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

c. Stramonium

Jimson Weed, Jamestown Weed, Talumpunay, Thorn apple

Datura stramonium, Datura metel

Contain scopolamine aka hyoscine

• Treatment of asthma (vapor)

• Treatment of motion sickness

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

e. All

Brompton's cocktail is a preparation used for terminal cancer containing:

a. Morphine/Heroin

b. Cocaine

c. High% alcohol

d. a and b

e. All

d. Duboisa

Duboisia myoporoides

• Treatment of motion sickness, stomach disorders

• Treatment of side effects of cancer therapy

• Antispasmodic, analgesic

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

e. Withania

Indian ginseng, Winter cherry

Withania somnifera

• Sedative

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

f. Mandragora

“Satan’s apple”, European mandrake

Mandragora officinarum

Contains mandragorine:

• Emetic

• Most popular anesthetic during the middle ages

• In the Elizabethan age it was still being used as a narcotic

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

f. Mandragora

Satan's apple

a. Henbane

b. Belladona

c. Stramonium

d. Duboisa

e. Withania

f. Mandragora

e. All

Cocaine:

a. Pyschoactive

b. Psychomotor stimulant with a strong abuse potential

c. Vasoconstrictor and local anesthetic

d. a and b

e. All

a. Erythroxylum coca

Huanoco, Bolinian Cocaine

Erythroxylum coca - more pleasant preferred effect

a. Erythroxylum coca

b. Erythroxylum truxillense

b. Erythroxylum truxillense

Truxillo, Peruvian Cocaine

a. Erythroxylum coca

b. Erythroxylum truxillense

a. Scopolamine

Alkaloid used to reduce rigidity and tremors for those suffering from Parkinson's disease.

a. Scopolamine

b. Cocaine

c. Atropine

d. Mandragorine

c. Atropine

Racemized hyoscyamine during extraction.

a. Scopolamine

b. Cocaine

c. Atropine

d. Mandragorine

e. Quinine

Principal cinchona alkaloid employed therapeutically as anti-protozoal drug.

a. Scopolamine

b. Cocaine

c. Atropine

d. Mandragorine

e. Quinine

a. Thalleioquin

Reaction is used to identify quinine.

a. Thealleioquin

b. Borntrager

c. Valser

d. Frasch

d. Cinchonism

Overdose of Peruvian bark results in temporary loss of hearing and impaired sight commonly known as:

a. Alcoholism

b. Cinchonism

c. Solecism

e. All

QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS sources:

a. Cinchona

b. Peruvian bark

c. Quina

d. a and b

e. All

b. Red cinchona

Cinchona succirubra

a. Yellow cinchona

b. Red cinchona

a. Yellow cinchona

Cinchona calisaya

a. Yellow cinchona

b. Red cinchona

e. All

Cinchonism:

a. Tinnitus

b. Headache

c. Confusion

d. a and b

e. All

a. Remijia purdieana - Cuprea

Commercial source of quinidine.

a. Remijia purdieana

b. Erythroxylum truxillense

c. Duboisa myoporoides

d. Datura metel

a. Quinine

Antimalarial

a. Quinine

b. Quinidine

c. Cinchotannic acid

d. All

b. Quinidine

Anti arrhythmic

a. Quinine

b. Quinidine

c. Cinchotannic acid

d. All

c. Cinchotannic acid

Condensed tannin.

a. Quinine

b. Quinidine

c. Cinchotannic acid

d. All

b. Emerald green

Thalleioquin reaction include Br2 TS + NH3 TS which will result to:

a. Yellow green

b. Emerald green

c. Dark green

d. Blue green

a. Quinine

Template for synthetic anti-malarials such as quinacrine, chloroquine and mefloquine.

a. Quinine

b. Quinidine

c. Cinchotannic acid

b. Quinidine

An isomer of quinine used to treat type I-cardiac arrhythmias.

a. Quinine

b. Quinidine

c. Cinchotannic acid

f. None

ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS except:

a. Emetine

b. Saguinarine

c. Tubocurarine

d. Opium

e. Hydrastine/Berberine

f. None

f. None

ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS sources except:

a. Ipecac

b. Bloodroot

c. Curare

d. Opium

e. Golden seal

f. None

b. Tyrosine

Precursor of isoquinoline.

a. Tryptophan

b. Tyrosine

c. Isoleucine

d. Lysine

a. Ipecac

Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Contain emetine or methylcephaeline

• Emetic

a. Ipecac

b. Bloodroot

c. Curare

d. Opium

a. Emetine

Ipecac syrup is used for the treatment of drug overdose and in certain poisoning and it has the active isoquinoline alkaloid known as.

a. Emetine

b. Methylcephaeline

c. Sanguinarine

d. Tubocurarine

e. Opium

a. Fluid extract

Ipecac that is 14 times stronger than the liquid syrup form.

a. Fluid extract

b. Dover's powder

c. Paregoric

d. Laudanum

c. Paregoric

Camphorated opium tincture.

a. Fluid extract

b. Dover's powder

c. Paregoric

d. Laudanum

b. Dover's powder

Ipecac + opium

a. Fluid extract

b. Dover's powder

c. Paregoric

d. Laudanum

b. Dover's powder

Diaphoretic

a. Fluid extract

b. Dover's powder

c. Paregoric

d. Laudanum

d. Laudanum

Deodorized opium tincture

a. Fluid extract

b. Dover's powder

c. Paregoric

d. Laudanum

d. Laudanum

Opium tincture 10%

More potent than paregoric

a. Fluid extract

b. Dover's powder

c. Paregoric

d. Laudanum

b. Bloodroot

Sanguinaria canadensis

Contain saguinarine

• Stimulating expectorant and emetic

a. Ipecac

b. Bloodroot

c. Curare

d. Opium poppy

c. Curare

South American arrow poison

Strychnos castelnae

Contain tubocurarine

• Skeletal muscle relaxant

a. Ipecac

b. Bloodroot

c. Curare

d. Opium

e. Hydrastis

c. Curare

Standardization include head drop assay in rabbits wherein there is determined least amount of drug capable of producing muscle relaxation so that head of animal drops in a characteristic manner.

a. Ipecac

b. Bloodroot

c. Curare

d. Opium

e. Hydrastis

a. Mice and rabbits

Official test animal used to assay curare alkaloids by the "head drop" cross-over method wherein animals and control group are used in alternate base.

a. Mice and rabbits

b. Pigs

c. Cats

d. Lizards

d. a and b

Pot

Calabash

Strychnos castelnaei

a. Pot

b. Calabash

c. Tube

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

c. Tube

Chondrodendron tomentosum

a. Pot

b. Calabash

c. Tube

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. Opium

Papaver somniferum

a. Ipecac

b. Bloodroot

c. Curare

d. Opium

e. Hydrastis

a. True

Opium Alkaloids

Morphine

Codeine

Heroin

Papaverine

Hydromorphine

Apomorphine

Narcotine/Noscapine

a. True

b. False