[DEMO 1] Quiz 2

Fertility

Actual birth performance.

Fecundity

Physiological capacity of a woman, man or couple to reproduce.

Live Birth

The complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which after separation, breathes or shows any evidence of life.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births in a year divided by the midyear population, multiplied by 1,000.

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

The number of births divided by the midyear female population aged 15 to 49, multiplied by 1,000.

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

The number of births to women in a specific age group divided by the number of women in that same age group, multiplied by 1,000.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she conformed to current age-specific fertility rates.

Reproductivity

The extent to which a group is replacing its own numbers by natural processes, expressed in terms of a generation.

Replacement Level Fertility

The level of fertility and mortality at which women replace themselves in a generation, typically corresponding to a TFR between 2.04 and 2.10.

Family Planning

The use of modern contraceptives or natural techniques to limit or space pregnancies.

Demographic Transition Theory

A model where population growth and age structure change as a country transitions from high to low mortality and fertility rates.

Proximate Determinants

Biological and behavioral factors through which socioeconomic and cultural variables influence fertility.

Davis and Blake Framework

Identifies intercourse variables, conception variables, and gestation variables as direct influences

Intercourse Variables

Age of entry into unions

Concpetion Variables

Referring to contraception use

Gestation Variables

Fetal mortality

Mortality

The pattern of death in a population.

Morbidity

The prevalence of disease in a population.

Death

The permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after birth has taken place.

Fetal Death

The disappearance of life prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception.

Stillbirth

Late fetal deaths occurring at 20 or 28 or more completed weeks of gestation.

Longevity

The ability to remain alive from one year to the next or the ability to resist death.

Life Expectancy

The statistically average length of life or average expected age at death.

Life Span

The oldest age to which human beings can survive.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a given year divided by the midyear population, multiplied by 1,000.

Age-specific Death Rate (ASDR)

The number of deaths to persons in a specific age group divided by the midyear population of that same group, multiplied by 1,000.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The probability of dying between birth and the age of one year old.

Neonatal Mortality (NN)

The probability of dying within the first month of life.

Postneonatal Mortality (PNN)

The probability of dying after the first month of life but before age one year.

Under-five Mortality

The probability of dying between birth and exact age five.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

The number of women who die from pregnancy-related complications per 100,000 live births.

Life Table

A statistical tool summarizing the mortality experience of a population at various ages to provide survival rates and life expectancy.

Epidemiological Transition

A theory describing a long-term shift where pandemics of infection are displaced by degenerative and man-made diseases.

Preston Curve

Describes the shifting relationship between national income and life expectancy; income matters most for low-income countries, but public health technologies (e.g., vaccines, antibiotics) dominate later.

Compression of Morbidity

A paradigm where lifetime morbidity is reduced by postponing the age of onset of disease more than life expectancy increases.

Migration

The movement of people across a specified boundary during a given time interval involving a change of residence.

International Migration

The movement of people across international borders, categorized as immigration and emigration.

Internal Migration

Movement between different areas within a single country, categorized as in-migration and out-migration.

Forced Migration

The involuntary movement of people, including refugees, asylees, or slaves.

Migrant

A person who moved from one geographic/political area to another involving a change of usual residence during a specified observation period.

Migration Stream

A group of migrants sharing a common origin and destination within a specific period.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants for a specific area.

Spatial Mobility

Physical or geographic movement, such as commuting, that does not involve a permanent change of residence.

Lifetime Migrant

A person whose current area of residence is different from their area of birth (mother's usual place of residence).

Return Migrant

A person who moved back to an area where they formerly resided.

In-Migration Rate

The number of in-migrants arriving at a destination per 1,000 population at that destination in a given period.

Out-Migration Rate

The number of out-migrants departing an area of origin per 1,000 population at that area of origin in a given period.

Migration Turnover

Also known as the crude gross international migration rate; the sum of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population.

Push Factors

Factors such as unemployment or conflict that encourage people to move out of an area.

Pull Factors

Factors such as job opportunities or better services that encourage people to move into an area.

Network Theory

migrants establishing interpersonal ties with other migrants

Institutional Theory

institutions precisely facilitate and profit from the continued flow of immigrants.

Cumulative Causation

The theory that each act of migration changes the likelihood of subsequent migration decisions, often through remittances.

Neoclassical Economics

Focuses on labor supply-demand and human capital.

New Household Economics

Views the household as the decision-making unit to diversify income.