EASC160_Master_Flashcards

Geming (革命)

Classical Chinese term originating in the Yi Jing for dynastic change/changeability; modernized in late Qing to mean 'revolution.'

Kakumei (革命)

Japanese loanword from geming; reshaped to mean strengthening/empowering the existing imperial house, not overthrow.

Zaofan (造反)

'Rebellion' or 'troublemaking' — a deeply negative Confucian term placing actors outside legitimate political discourse.

Biange

Liang Qichao's preferred alternative term for geming, meaning peaceful change or reform.

Shijie geming

Liang Qichao's term for 'poetry revolution'; coined 1899 on a ship from Yokohama to Honolulu.

Wenjie geming

Liang Qichao's term for 'prose revolution.'

Geming dang (革命黨)

'Revolutionary party' — the term Sun Yat-sen adopted after 1895 to give his movement dynastic legitimacy.

Faguo geming

'French Revolution' — first used by Wang Tao in his 1890 Chongding Faguo zhilue.

Mandate of Heaven

Confucian concept that a ruler's legitimacy derived from Heaven's approval and could be revoked when lost.

Yi Jing (Book of Changes)

Classical text (late 9th century BC) where geming first appears; sacred text and 'sword of Damocles' for political legitimacy.

Taiping Tianguo

'Peaceful Heavenly Kingdom' — the state established by Hong Xiuquan during the Taiping Rebellion.

Jiaohua

Social enlightenment — ancient Chinese concept of moral education; drawn on by Maoism for the 'new socialist person.'

Datong

'Great Unity' or 'Grand Harmony' — an ancient ideal of a perfectly egalitarian society.

Xiaokang

'Moderate prosperity' — a lesser ideal compared to datong; later used in Reform Era.

Translingual practice

Lydia H. Liu's concept: how words gain new meanings as they travel across languages.

Semantic conflation

Prasenjit Duara's concept: two different meanings merged in the same word.

Wang Tao (1828-1897)

Pivotal late Qing figure; first used Faguo geming (French Revolution) in Chinese in 1890; ambivalent about French Revolution.

Kang Youwei (1858-1927)

Late Qing reformer who led Hundred Days' Reform; feared revolution; used French Revolution as cautionary tale.

Liang Qichao (1873-1929)

Most important figure in modernizing geming discourse; linked it to Darwinian evolutionism; coined poetry/prose revolution.

Zhang Binglin (1869-1936)

Late Qing reformist journalist; warned against Western revolutionary influence.

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

Founded Revive China Society and Tongmenghui; shifted from zaofan to geming in 1895; Three Principles of the People.

Song Jiaoren (1882-1913)

Co-founded Tongmenghui with Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo, 1905; assassinated 1913.

Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864)

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion; established Taiping Tianguo with capital in Nanjing; banned opium trade.

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872)

Qing general who suppressed the Taiping Rebellion with British and French assistance.

Yoshida Shin (1830-1859)

Japanese figure who used kakumei to mean imperial strengthening, not overthrow; combined Confucianism with nationalism.

Zou Rong (1885-1905)

Radical pamphleteer; wrote The Revolutionary Army (1903) equating revolution with 'killing the Manchus.'

Cai Xiang

Contemporary author of 'Revolution' in Afterlives of Chinese Communism; argues Chinese Revolution was simultaneously rupture and continuity.

Jianhua Chen

Contemporary author of 'Chinese Revolution in the Syntax of World Revolution'; argues geming underwent triangular translation.

Tongmenghui

Revolutionary alliance founded by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in Tokyo, 1905; added third Principle (People's Livelihood).

Revive China Society (Xingzhonghui)

Sun Yat-sen's first organization, founded Honolulu 1894; slogan: 'Expel the Tatar barbarians, revive Zhonghua.'

Kuomintang (KMT)

Chinese Nationalist Party, established 1919, headquartered in Canton; descendant of Tongmenghui.

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yat-sen's program: Nationalism, Democracy, and People's Livelihood (Welfare).

Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)

Qing reform movement; slogan: 'shi yi chang ji yi zhi yi' — acquire skills from barbarians to suppress barbarians.

Hundred Days' Reform (1898)

Reform led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao under Guangxu Emperor; suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi.

Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)

Qing sovereign who ruled 'behind the screen'; suppressed Hundred Days' Reform; staged 1861 coup.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Anti-foreign uprising in China; retaliation included mass executions, indemnities, and foreign garrisons.

Xinhai Revolution (1911)

Bourgeois national revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty; Sun Yat-sen became provisional president.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Treaty ending First Opium War (August 1842); opened China to foreign trade.

Treaty of Tientsin (1858)

Part of Second Opium War negotiations.

Convention of Peking (1860)

Settlement of the Second Opium War.

First Opium War (1840-1842)

War between Britain and Qing China; ended with Treaty of Nanjing.

Second Opium War (1856-1860)

War involving Britain and France against Qing China; ended with Convention of Peking.

Mudan Incident (1874)

Japan's claim over Ryukyu/Taiwan; Peking Agreement signed October 30.

Sino-French War (1883-1885)

China ceded influence; Taiwan became a province in 1885.

First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

China ceded Taiwan and abandoned suzerainty over Korea.

Three ideological components of Chinese Revolution

Per Cai Xiang: (1) Marxism/Leninism, (2) Nationalism (anti-imperialism, anti-feudalism), (3) Theories of enlightenment.

Education society (jiaohua shehui)

Mao Zedong's ambition to build a society that would train a 'new socialist person,' drawing on Confucian and neo-Confucian traditions.

Wang Yangming (1472-1529)

Neo-Confucian Song-Ming idealist philosopher whose tradition influenced Mao's 'education society.'

Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911)

Comparable bourgeois national revolution in Asia.

Young Turk Revolution (1908)

Comparable bourgeois national revolution in Asia.

Triangular translation of geming

Jianhua Chen's framework: classical Chinese geming → Japanese kakumei → modern Chinese geming.

Edward Said's 'four stages'

Theory traveling between cultures: point of origin, distance traversed, conditions of acceptance/resistance, accommodated idea.

Four contemporary attitudes toward revolutionary history

Per Cai Xiang lecture: Hatred, Ignorance, Nostalgia, Parody.

Materialist dialectics

Marx's method: material conditions (class, economy) determine thought; change occurs through contradiction.

Contact of extremes

Hegelian/Marxist principle: opposites are interconnected; China's revolution can affect Europe.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Author of 'Revolution in China and in Europe' (1853); developed materialist dialectical analysis.

V.I. Lenin (1870-1924)

Author of 'The Awakening of Asia' (1913) and 'Regenerated China' (1912); led Bolshevik revolution.

'Revolution in China and in Europe' (1853)

Marx essay in New York Daily Tribune (June 14, 1853) responding to the Taiping Rebellion.

'The Awakening of Asia' (1913)

Lenin essay in Pravda arguing 1905 Russian Revolution spread democratic movement to all of Asia.

'Regenerated China' (1912)

Lenin essay in Pravda analyzing Xinhai Revolution and China's first parliamentary elections.

Hegel (1770-1831)

German philosopher; developed dialectics ('extremes meet'); Marx critiqued and inverted his framework.

East India Company

British trading company (1600-1874); monopolized China trade until 1833; ending of monopoly devastated Chinese native industries.

Second International

International socialist organization (1889-1916); considered reformist by Lenin.

Third International (Comintern)

Lenin's international socialist organization (founded 1919); supported national liberation movements in colonies.

New Democratic country

Lenin/Mao's concept of a transitional state between feudalism/imperialism and socialism; PRC in early 1950s.

First United Front

Alliance between KMT and CCP promoted by Sun Yat-sen after 1917; included Soviet support.

Yi E wei shi (以俄為師)

'Taking Russia as a teacher' — Sun Yat-sen's phrase after the October Revolution.

Bourgeois-democratic revolution

Revolution that overthrows feudalism and establishes parliamentary democracy, but not socialism (e.g., Xinhai 1911).

Proletarian revolution

Revolution led by the working class aiming to eliminate private property and capitalism.

Menshevik

Right-leaning Russian socialist faction; CCP used Soviet experience to distance itself from this tendency.

Trotskyist

Left-leaning ultra-radical tendency; CCP also distanced itself from this.

Paris Commune (1871)

Short-lived workers' government in Paris; understood by Bolsheviks and CCP as a precursor to socialist revolution.

Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (WPRA)

Founded January 28, 1918; trained through actual combat against German, British, US, Japanese, French intervention.

Sun Wen-ism

Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy (Sun Yat-sen = Sun Wen); studied alongside Leninism after his death.

Augustus Frederick Lindley (1840-1873)

British Royal Navy officer who joined the Taiping Rebellion; described himself as 'Friend of China, Enemy of oppression.'

Li Xiucheng (1823-1864)

Taiping 'Loyal King' (忠王); commander whom Lindley followed.

Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)

Warlord; took power after Xinhai Revolution; opponent of Sun Yat-sen; tried to reestablish monarchy in 1915.

Duan Qirui (1865-1936)

Beiyang warlord; took power after Yuan Shikai's death (1916); opponent of Sun Yat-sen.

Chiang Kai-shek

KMT General; revised Sun's Three Principles after Sun's death in a more conservative, anti-Communist direction.

October Revolution (1917)

Bolshevik revolution in Russia; understood as continuation of the Paris Commune.

CCP founding

Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai, 1921.

'Curious spectacle' (Marx)

Marx's irony: Western powers conveying 'order' to Shanghai while China sends 'disorder' into the Western World.

'Draft Theses on National and Colonial Questions' (1920)

Lenin text linking advanced worker movements in Europe with national liberation in Asia.

Xinhai Revolution (in Lenin)

1911 Chinese revolution Lenin describes in 'Awakening of Asia' as transforming China into 'seething political activity.'

Three forces in Java (Lenin)

(1) Nationalist movement under Islam, (2) intelligentsia of acclimatized Europeans, (3) large Chinese population.

Three parties in 1912 China (Lenin)

Radical-Socialist Party (petty-bourgeois), National Party (Sun Yat-sen, dominant), and Republican League (conservative).

Four collapsed dynastic houses (WWI)

Habsburg (Austria), Hohenzollern (Germany), Romanov (Russia), and Ottoman Empire.

Shanghai International Settlement

Foreign-controlled district in Shanghai (British/American Municipal Council) — example of imperialist 'booty.'

French Concession

French Third Republic-controlled district in Shanghai under imperialism.

Two-stage revolutionary path (CCP)

Soviet-derived: (1) democratic revolution overthrowing imperialism/feudalism, then (2) socialist revolution eliminating private property.

National Revolution ≠ Peasant Uprising

Key lecture distinction: Xinhai was bourgeois national revolution, not peasant uprising like Taiping or Boxer.

Class revolution vs. National revolution

Lenin focused on class revolution (proletarian); Sun Yat-sen focused on national revolution (sovereignty + democracy).

He Zhen / He Yin-zhen (1884-1920)

Anarchist feminist writer; founded Society for the Restoration of Women's Rights in Tokyo (1907-8); published in Tianyi.

Liu Shipei (1884-1919)

He Zhen's husband; produced first Chinese translation of The Communist Manifesto in 1908.

Qiu Jin (1875-1907)

Revolutionary feminist; founded China's Women News in Shanghai; joined Tongmenhui 1905; executed 1907 after failed uprising.

Zhang Zhujun (1876-1964)

First female Western-trained medical doctor in China; helped establish Chinese Red Cross during Xinhai Revolution (1911).

Tianyi (天義 / Natural Justice)

Anarchist journal He Zhen published in Tokyo (1907-8); where 'On the Question of Women's Liberation' appeared.

Society for the Restoration of Women's Rights

Organization He Zhen and Liu Shipei founded in Tokyo (1907-8).

China's Women News (中國女報)

Founded by Qiu Jin in Shanghai; aimed to foster openness, promote female education, and build women's solidarity.

Nannü (男女)

Man/woman as a compound concept; for He Zhen, the distinction is a patriarchal mechanism of power, not biological.