EASC160_Master_Flashcards

EASC 160 — Master Flashcard List

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=== WEEK 1 ===(Week 1 separator — delete this card)

Geming (革命)Classical Chinese term originating in the Yi Jing for dynastic change/changeability; modernized in late Qing to mean 'revolution.'

Kakumei (革命)Japanese loanword from geming; reshaped to mean strengthening/empowering the existing imperial house, not overthrow.

Zaofan (造反)'Rebellion' or 'troublemaking' — a deeply negative Confucian term placing actors outside legitimate political discourse.

BiangeLiang Qichao's preferred alternative term for geming, meaning peaceful change or reform.

Shijie gemingLiang Qichao's term for 'poetry revolution'; coined 1899 on a ship from Yokohama to Honolulu.

Wenjie gemingLiang Qichao's term for 'prose revolution.'

Geming dang (革命黨)'Revolutionary party' — the term Sun Yat-sen adopted after 1895 to give his movement dynastic legitimacy.

Faguo geming'French Revolution' — first used by Wang Tao in his 1890 Chongding Faguo zhilue.

Mandate of HeavenConfucian concept that a ruler's legitimacy derived from Heaven's approval and could be revoked when lost.

Yi Jing (Book of Changes)Classical text (late 9th century BC) where geming first appears; sacred text and 'sword of Damocles' for political legitimacy.

Taiping Tianguo'Peaceful Heavenly Kingdom' — the state established by Hong Xiuquan during the Taiping Rebellion.

JiaohuaSocial enlightenment — ancient Chinese concept of moral education; drawn on by Maoism for the 'new socialist person.'

Datong'Great Unity' or 'Grand Harmony' — an ancient ideal of a perfectly egalitarian society.

Xiaokang'Moderate prosperity' — a lesser ideal compared to datong; later used in Reform Era.

Translingual practiceLydia H. Liu's concept: how words gain new meanings as they travel across languages.

Semantic conflationPrasenjit Duara's concept: two different meanings merged in the same word.

Wang Tao (1828-1897)Pivotal late Qing figure; first used Faguo geming (French Revolution) in Chinese in 1890; ambivalent about French Revolution.

Kang Youwei (1858-1927)Late Qing reformer who led Hundred Days' Reform; feared revolution; used French Revolution as cautionary tale.

Liang Qichao (1873-1929)Most important figure in modernizing geming discourse; linked it to Darwinian evolutionism; coined poetry/prose revolution.

Zhang Binglin (1869-1936)Late Qing reformist journalist; warned against Western revolutionary influence.

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)Founded Revive China Society and Tongmenghui; shifted from zaofan to geming in 1895; Three Principles of the People.

Song Jiaoren (1882-1913)Co-founded Tongmenghui with Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo, 1905; assassinated 1913.

Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864)Leader of the Taiping Rebellion; established Taiping Tianguo with capital in Nanjing; banned opium trade.

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872)Qing general who suppressed the Taiping Rebellion with British and French assistance.

Yoshida Shin (1830-1859)Japanese figure who used kakumei to mean imperial strengthening, not overthrow; combined Confucianism with nationalism.

Zou Rong (1885-1905)Radical pamphleteer; wrote The Revolutionary Army (1903) equating revolution with 'killing the Manchus.'

Cai XiangContemporary author of 'Revolution' in Afterlives of Chinese Communism; argues Chinese Revolution was simultaneously rupture and continuity.

Jianhua ChenContemporary author of 'Chinese Revolution in the Syntax of World Revolution'; argues geming underwent triangular translation.

TongmenghuiRevolutionary alliance founded by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in Tokyo, 1905; added third Principle (People's Livelihood).

Revive China Society (Xingzhonghui)Sun Yat-sen's first organization, founded Honolulu 1894; slogan: 'Expel the Tatar barbarians, revive Zhonghua.'

Kuomintang (KMT)Chinese Nationalist Party, established 1919, headquartered in Canton; descendant of Tongmenghui.

Three Principles of the PeopleSun Yat-sen's program: Nationalism, Democracy, and People's Livelihood (Welfare).

Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)Qing reform movement; slogan: 'shi yi chang ji yi zhi yi' — acquire skills from barbarians to suppress barbarians.

Hundred Days' Reform (1898)Reform led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao under Guangxu Emperor; suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi.

Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)Qing sovereign who ruled 'behind the screen'; suppressed Hundred Days' Reform; staged 1861 coup.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)Anti-foreign uprising in China; retaliation included mass executions, indemnities, and foreign garrisons.

Xinhai Revolution (1911)Bourgeois national revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty; Sun Yat-sen became provisional president.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)Treaty ending First Opium War (August 1842); opened China to foreign trade.

Treaty of Tientsin (1858)Part of Second Opium War negotiations.

Convention of Peking (1860)Settlement of the Second Opium War.

First Opium War (1840-1842)War between Britain and Qing China; ended with Treaty of Nanjing.

Second Opium War (1856-1860)War involving Britain and France against Qing China; ended with Convention of Peking.

Mudan Incident (1874)Japan's claim over Ryukyu/Taiwan; Peking Agreement signed October 30.

Sino-French War (1883-1885)China ceded influence; Taiwan became a province in 1885.

First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)China ceded Taiwan and abandoned suzerainty over Korea.

Three ideological components of Chinese RevolutionPer Cai Xiang: (1) Marxism/Leninism, (2) Nationalism (anti-imperialism, anti-feudalism), (3) Theories of enlightenment.

Education society (jiaohua shehui)Mao Zedong's ambition to build a society that would train a 'new socialist person,' drawing on Confucian and neo-Confucian traditions.

Wang Yangming (1472-1529)Neo-Confucian Song-Ming idealist philosopher whose tradition influenced Mao's 'education society.'

Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911)Comparable bourgeois national revolution in Asia.

Young Turk Revolution (1908)Comparable bourgeois national revolution in Asia.

Triangular translation of gemingJianhua Chen's framework: classical Chinese geming → Japanese kakumei → modern Chinese geming.

Edward Said's 'four stages'Theory traveling between cultures: point of origin, distance traversed, conditions of acceptance/resistance, accommodated idea.

Four contemporary attitudes toward revolutionary historyPer Cai Xiang lecture: Hatred, Ignorance, Nostalgia, Parody.

=== WEEK 2 ===(Week 2 separator — delete this card)

Materialist dialecticsMarx's method: material conditions (class, economy) determine thought; change occurs through contradiction.

Contact of extremesHegelian/Marxist principle: opposites are interconnected; China's revolution can affect Europe.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)Author of 'Revolution in China and in Europe' (1853); developed materialist dialectical analysis.

V.I. Lenin (1870-1924)Author of 'The Awakening of Asia' (1913) and 'Regenerated China' (1912); led Bolshevik revolution.

'Revolution in China and in Europe' (1853)Marx essay in New York Daily Tribune (June 14, 1853) responding to the Taiping Rebellion.

'The Awakening of Asia' (1913)Lenin essay in Pravda arguing 1905 Russian Revolution spread democratic movement to all of Asia.

'Regenerated China' (1912)Lenin essay in Pravda analyzing Xinhai Revolution and China's first parliamentary elections.

Hegel (1770-1831)German philosopher; developed dialectics ('extremes meet'); Marx critiqued and inverted his framework.

East India CompanyBritish trading company (1600-1874); monopolized China trade until 1833; ending of monopoly devastated Chinese native industries.

Second InternationalInternational socialist organization (1889-1916); considered reformist by Lenin.

Third International (Comintern)Lenin's international socialist organization (founded 1919); supported national liberation movements in colonies.

New Democratic countryLenin/Mao's concept of a transitional state between feudalism/imperialism and socialism; PRC in early 1950s.

First United FrontAlliance between KMT and CCP promoted by Sun Yat-sen after 1917; included Soviet support.

Yi E wei shi (以俄為師)'Taking Russia as a teacher' — Sun Yat-sen's phrase after the October Revolution.

Bourgeois-democratic revolutionRevolution that overthrows feudalism and establishes parliamentary democracy, but not socialism (e.g., Xinhai 1911).

Proletarian revolutionRevolution led by the working class aiming to eliminate private property and capitalism.

MenshevikRight-leaning Russian socialist faction; CCP used Soviet experience to distance itself from this tendency.

TrotskyistLeft-leaning ultra-radical tendency; CCP also distanced itself from this.

Paris Commune (1871)Short-lived workers' government in Paris; understood by Bolsheviks and CCP as a precursor to socialist revolution.

Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (WPRA)Founded January 28, 1918; trained through actual combat against German, British, US, Japanese, French intervention.

Sun Wen-ismSun Yat-sen's political philosophy (Sun Yat-sen = Sun Wen); studied alongside Leninism after his death.

Augustus Frederick Lindley (1840-1873)British Royal Navy officer who joined the Taiping Rebellion; described himself as 'Friend of China, Enemy of oppression.'

Li Xiucheng (1823-1864)Taiping 'Loyal King' (忠王); commander whom Lindley followed.

Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)Warlord; took power after Xinhai Revolution; opponent of Sun Yat-sen; tried to reestablish monarchy in 1915.

Duan Qirui (1865-1936)Beiyang warlord; took power after Yuan Shikai's death (1916); opponent of Sun Yat-sen.

Chiang Kai-shekKMT General; revised Sun's Three Principles after Sun's death in a more conservative, anti-Communist direction.

October Revolution (1917)Bolshevik revolution in Russia; understood as continuation of the Paris Commune.

CCP foundingChinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai, 1921.

'Curious spectacle' (Marx)Marx's irony: Western powers conveying 'order' to Shanghai while China sends 'disorder' into the Western World.

'Draft Theses on National and Colonial Questions' (1920)Lenin text linking advanced worker movements in Europe with national liberation in Asia.

Xinhai Revolution (in Lenin)1911 Chinese revolution Lenin describes in 'Awakening of Asia' as transforming China into 'seething political activity.'

Three forces in Java (Lenin)(1) Nationalist movement under Islam, (2) intelligentsia of acclimatized Europeans, (3) large Chinese population.

Three parties in 1912 China (Lenin)Radical-Socialist Party (petty-bourgeois), National Party (Sun Yat-sen, dominant), and Republican League (conservative).

Four collapsed dynastic houses (WWI)Habsburg (Austria), Hohenzollern (Germany), Romanov (Russia), and Ottoman Empire.

Shanghai International SettlementForeign-controlled district in Shanghai (British/American Municipal Council) — example of imperialist 'booty.'

French ConcessionFrench Third Republic-controlled district in Shanghai under imperialism.

Two-stage revolutionary path (CCP)Soviet-derived: (1) democratic revolution overthrowing imperialism/feudalism, then (2) socialist revolution eliminating private property.

National Revolution ≠ Peasant UprisingKey lecture distinction: Xinhai was bourgeois national revolution, not peasant uprising like Taiping or Boxer.

Class revolution vs. National revolutionLenin focused on class revolution (proletarian); Sun Yat-sen focused on national revolution (sovereignty + democracy).

=== WEEK 3 ===(Week 3 separator — delete this card)

He Zhen / He Yin-zhen (1884-1920)Anarchist feminist writer; founded Society for the Restoration of Women's Rights in Tokyo (1907-8); published in Tianyi.

Liu Shipei (1884-1919)He Zhen's husband; produced first Chinese translation of The Communist Manifesto in 1908.

Qiu Jin (1875-1907)Revolutionary feminist; founded China's Women News in Shanghai; joined Tongmenhui 1905; executed 1907 after failed uprising.

Zhang Zhujun (1876-1964)First female Western-trained medical doctor in China; helped establish Chinese Red Cross during Xinhai Revolution (1911).

Tianyi (天義 / Natural Justice)Anarchist journal He Zhen published in Tokyo (1907-8); where 'On the Question of Women's Liberation' appeared.

Society for the Restoration of Women's RightsOrganization He Zhen and Liu Shipei founded in Tokyo (1907-8).

China's Women News (中國女報)Founded by Qiu Jin in Shanghai; aimed to foster openness, promote female education, and build women's solidarity.

Nannü (男女)Man/woman as a compound concept; for He Zhen, the distinction is a patriarchal mechanism of power, not biological.

Nüxing (女性)The 'character of women'; He Zhen argues this cannot fully develop under conditions of unfreedom.

Nüquan (女權)Women's suffrage / women's rights / feminism — late Qing neologism via Japanese translation.

Neiren (内人)'Person of the inner chamber' — Chinese word for 'wife'; encodes spatial subordination of women.

Gongchan (共產)Common property / communism — He Zhen's structural solution to women's oppression under capitalism.

Quanli (權利)Power/privilege and self-interest/profit — first bondage He Zhen identifies in Western marriage; the Chinese neologism for 'rights.'

Hua qiao (華僑)Overseas Chinese — Lydia Liu's term for diasporic Chinese who saw Cixi as a sovereign ideal.

Tongyangxi (童養媳)Child brides raised in the future husband's home; debated by Guangdong Women United.

Unequal treatiesTreaties imposed on China by Western powers after Opium Wars granting foreign nationals extraterritorial privileges.

Three reasons men promoted feminism (He Zhen)(1) Self-distinction/求名 (fame), (2) Self-interest/求利 (profit), (3) Self-comfort/求自逸 (leisure).

Three bondages in Western marriage (He Zhen)(1) Power/privilege (權力 quanli), (2) Morality (道德), (3) Law (法律).

Cloistering paradox (He Zhen)Confining women causes rather than prevents sexual transgression; strict controls intensify desire.

He Zhen's positive visionTrue liberation requires gongchan (common property) AND abolition of the rule of man and of woman.

He Zhen on Western womenWestern women are liberated in body but not mind; constrained by power, morality, and law.

Norwegian suffrage critique (He Zhen)Suffrage was restricted to propertied women — only elite women benefited; women in parliament served upper-class interests.

Lydia H. LiuAuthor of 'The Secret of Her Greatness'; analyzed Queen Victoria, Cixi, and the Bible gift through colonial sovereignty.

Queen Victoria (1819-1901)British sovereign; model of middle-class womanhood used by Western suffragists; gave Bible to African chief in 1863 painting.

1894 Bible Gift ExchangeProtestant women missionaries gave Cixi a Chinese New Testament for her 60th birthday; meant differently to each party.

Mary Martin Richard (1843-1903)Female missionary who co-organized the 1894 Bible gift to Cixi.

The Secret of England's Greatness (1863)Painting depicting Queen Victoria presenting a Bible to an African chief; symbol of imperial civilizing mission.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)American feminist; 'female Robinson Crusoe' analogy linking female subjectivity to colonial sovereignty.

'Female Robinson Crusoe'Stanton's analogy revealing how Western feminist subjectivity was tied to colonial power over racialized others.

Prince GongCo-conspirator with Cixi and Ci'an in the 1861 coup against the eight regents.

Empress Dowager Ci'anCo-regent with Cixi after Xianfeng's death; died 1881, leaving Cixi as sole dominant figure.

Xianfeng EmperorQing emperor who fled to Chengde during Second Opium War; Cixi's husband; died 1861.

Guangxu EmperorQing emperor placed under house arrest by Cixi after the failure of Hundred Days' Reform.

Liang Qichao 'On Women's Education'Essay aiming to cultivate 'good wives and mothers'; criticized by He Zhen as self-interested.

Statism / Anarchism / Socialism (Late Qing feminism)Three competing intellectual trends; statism from Germany; anarchism (He Zhen) from Japan/France; socialism from Japan/Sun Yat-sen.

Guangdong Women United (廣東女界聯合會)Founded December 23, 1919; held seminars on tongyangxi; led 1921 march to Guangzhou Congress for women's equality.

Jin Tianhe / The Women's Bell (1903)Discussed women's rights to education, vote, and career.

He Zhen's universalismTrue liberation must be universal and collective — not a privilege for a minority of elite women.

=== WEEK 4 ===(Week 4 separator — delete this card)

Yuan ShikaiTook power after Xinhai Revolution; suspended Provisional Constitution 1913; attempted to reestablish monarchy 1915; died 1916.

Beiyang governmentYuan Shikai's dictatorship after dissolving parliament in 1913.

Twenty-One Demands (1915)Japan's demands to control Manchuria, southern Mongolia, and make China a Japanese protectorate.

Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement (1912-1927)Led by Chinese anarchists promoting French scientific/social ideals; included Zhou Enlai, Cai Hesen, Deng Xiaoping.

Chen DuxiuFounded Youth Magazine (later New Youth) in 1915 in Shanghai; key figure of May Fourth and CCP.

New Youth (新青年)Founded by Chen Duxiu in 1915; key publication criticizing feudalism/Confucianism and translating Western literature.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)Transferred Germany's rights over Jiaozhou Bay (Shandong) to Japan, despite China being one of the Allies; triggered May Fourth.

May Fourth Movement (1919)Both cultural and anti-imperialist political movement; promoted vernacular Chinese, opposed Confucianism, opposed arranged marriage.

Manifesto of All Academia in BeijingMay Fourth document: 'Chinese territory can be conquered but not given away. Chinese people can be killed but not kowtow.'

Huang Zunxian (1848-1905)Advocated 'poetry revolution' — writing in spoken language; key phrase: 'My hand writes the words from my mouth.'

Liang Qichao (fiction revolution)Advocated 'fiction revolution' — elevating fiction to tool for social reform; called for simple, accessible language.

Lu Xun / Zhou Shuren (1881-1936)Major modern Chinese writer; studied medicine in Sendai; abandoned medicine for literature; worked under Yuan Shikai 1912-17.

Iron House metaphorLu Xun's image (Preface to Call to Arms): people trapped in sealed iron house; should you wake them to die in agony or let them die peacefully?

'Medicine' (藥)Lu Xun story: superstitious people buy blood-soaked bread from executed revolutionary believing it cures tuberculosis.

The True Story of Ah Q (正傳)Lu Xun's serialized novella (Dec 1921 - Feb 1922); first appeared in Chen Bao supplement.

'True Story' (正傳/zhengzhuan)Convention from ancient Chinese novelists; depicts story in vernacular manner — both homage and critique of tradition.

Spiritual Victory (精神勝利法)Ah Q's psychological technique: changing perspective to reinterpret facts, fabrication, self-deception.

Qing/Li (情/理)Tension between emotion/relationship (qing) and reason/logic (li); framework for Spiritual Victory.

Imitation Foreign DevilCharacter in Ah Q raising the question: when colonized imitates colonizer, is that liberation or deeper subjugation?

Revolution for equality vs. revolution for the poorLu Xun distinction: Ah Q wants the latter (swap places with oppressors); systemic transformation requires the former.

Four interpretations of Ah Q(1) Class immobility, (2) National unconsciousness, (3) Universal human tendency, (4) Chinese Revolution allegory.

'What Happens After Nora Walks Out'Lu Xun talk at Beijing Women's Normal College, December 26, 1923; published 1924 in Journal for Art Association.

A Doll's House (Ein Puppenheim)Ibsen's play in which Nora awakens to being her husband's puppet and walks out; basis for Lu Xun's talk.

Three types of dreams (Lu Xun)(1) Daydreaming, (2) Dream of the future, (3) Dream of the present (which Lu Xun advocates).

Puppet metaphor (Lu Xun)Even with economic freedom, people remain puppets — controlling other puppets while being controlled themselves.

Lu Xun on Nora's optionsAfter leaving: (1) fall into degradation, or (2) return home; starvation isn't a way out; need money/economic rights.

Chen Bao (晨報)Newspaper whose supplement first serialized The True Story of Ah Q.

Sun Fuyuan (孫伏園)Student who requested Lu Xun write The True Story of Ah Q.

Agnes Smedley (1892-1950)American journalist; raised funds for Red Army; called Lu Xun 'Chinese Voltaire'; conversed with him in German.

Edgar Snow (1905-1972)American journalist; wrote Red Star Over China (1937); translated The True Story of Ah Q.

Wataru Kaji (1903-1982)Japanese literary critic who translated Chinese works and built networks with Chinese writers.

Yamamoto Sanehiko (1885-1952)Japanese publisher of Kaizo; proposed Sino-Japanese cultural exchange (rejected by Lu Xun as masking KMT-Japanese collaboration).

Akira Iwasaki (1903-1981)Japanese leftist film critic; member of Proletarian Film League; published 'Film as Instrument of Publicity and Agitation' (1930).

Käthe Kollwitz (1867-1945)German artist known for woodcut paintings; promoted by Smedley, Mao Dun, and Lu Xun.

Lu Xun on modernismChina's semi-feudal/semi-colonial situation required not imitation of Western modernism but creative struggle from insufficiency.

=== WEEK 5 ===(Week 5 separator — delete this card)

Mukden Incident (Sept 18, 1931)Japan invaded Manchuria; massive shock that radicalized Chinese intellectuals and artists.

Shanghai Incident (Jan 28, 1932)Japan launched air raid and ground assault on Shanghai; devastated film industry but spurred new filmmaking.

League of Left-Wing WritersFounded 1930 with CCP support; principles: art and literature should serve peasants/workers in accessible language.

Yu Si / Fiction MonthlyLiterary magazines (Literature Research Association) that challenged Crescent Moon Society writers.

Crescent Moon SocietyLiterary group challenged by leftist magazines (Yu Si, Fiction Monthly).

Zhou Jianyun (1893-1967)Mingxing Film Company executive; connected to Qian Xin-cun (Ah Ying), enabling League's infiltration of film industry.

Qian Xin-cun / Ah Ying (1900-1977)League of Left-Wing Writers member; writer and critic sent to Mingxing.

Xia Yan (1900-1995)Screenwriter and literary writer sent by League to Mingxing; adapted Spring Silkworms; added statistical intertitles.

Zheng Bo-qi (1895-1979)Writer sent by League to Mingxing.

Zhang Shi-chuan (1889-1953)Co-founder and director at Mingxing; NOT sent by League — already there.

Mingxing Film CompanyFounded March 1922; produced Spring Silkworms (1933), Torrent (1933), Battle of Shanghai (1932); name means 'Star.'

Zheng Zhengqiu (1889-1935)Mingxing co-founder; scriptwriter and actor.

Soft cinema (ruanxing dianying)Light-hearted entertainment films promoted by Nationalist government as alternative to left-wing cinema.

Society for the Eradication of Communists in the Film IndustryNationalist organization to suppress left-wing cinema.

Ai Xia (1912-1934)Actress and scriptwriter in left-wing movement; wrote A Woman of Today (1933); committed suicide 1934.

Cheng Bugao (1906-1966)Director of Spring Silkworms (1933), Torrent (1933), Battle of Shanghai (1932); pioneered docu-fiction.

Torrent (狂流, 1933)Cheng Bugao film with Xia Yan; combined real flood footage with drama; exposed class tensions in Hankow flood.

The Battle of Shanghai (上海之戰, 1932)Cheng Bugao docu-fiction chronicling the January 28 Incident.

Spring Silkworms (春蠶, 1933)Cheng Bugao film, screenplay by Xia Yan from Mao Dun novella; first adaptation of May Fourth literary work.

Mao DunAuthor of Spring Silkworms novella; veteran reportage writer ('Afternoon of May Thirtieth' 1925; 'One Day in China' 1936).

Old Tung PaoSpring Silkworms protagonist — elderly silkworm farmer, traditional, superstitious, hates 'foreign devils.'

Ah SzeOld Tung Pao's elder son in Spring Silkworms — industrious and frugal.

Ah ToOld Tung Pao's younger son in Spring Silkworms — flighty, doesn't share father's superstitions.

Lotus (Spring Silkworms)Neighbor of questionable reputation; Old Tung Pao believes she brings bad luck; her family's silkworms fail.

Sixth TreasureYoung woman across the stream in Spring Silkworms — mischievous, sharp-tongued.

House of Chen (Spring Silkworms)Rival family historically linked to Old Tung Pao's family through the Taiping Rebellion.

'Long Hairs'The Taiping rebels — referenced by Old Tung Pao as part of his family history; Manchu government slander.

Two Layers of RealityQian reading concept: Layer 1 = phenomenological (lived farming experience); Layer 2 = abstract (global capitalism, prices).

Sumiao (素描) / SketchTerm from fine arts/reportage literature; observational, impressionistic documentation; Cheng Bugao's word for Spring Silkworms.

Docu-fictionHybrid form combining documentary footage with fictional narrative framing; Cheng Bugao's signature mode.

Reportage literatureMode of agitational investigative writing in left-wing movements; emphasizes emplaced experience over liberal objectivism.

Xia Yan's statistical intertitlesTables in Spring Silkworms film showing imported Japanese silk volumes — indirect critique evading censorship.

American newsreels vs. Chinese news filmsAmericans had full access and turned suffering into spectacle; Chinese filmmakers developed docu-fiction for empathy/critique.

Japanese dumping of artificial silkCheap Japanese imports collapsed the silk market; root cause of Spring Silkworms' tragedy.

=== WEEK 6 ===(Week 6 separator — delete this card)

Paul Robeson (1898-1976)Black American singer/activist; never visited China but imagined shared position between East Asians and Black peoples.

Harlem Renaissance (1920s-30s)Black cultural movement in art, dance, music, fashion, literature, politics; Robeson was active during it.

McCarthyism (1940s-50s)American anti-communist persecution; Robeson testified at House Un-American Activities Committee in June 1956.

Liu Liangmo (1909-1988)Chinese Christian musician who introduced Robeson to 'March of the Volunteers' in 1940.

'March of the Volunteers' / 'Chee Lai'Song from Children of Troubled Times (1935); lyrics Tian Han, music Nie'Er; later PRC national anthem.

Children of Troubled Times (1935)Chinese film featuring 'March of the Volunteers.'

Tian Han / Nie'ErLyricist and composer of 'March of the Volunteers.'

Lewisohn Stadium concertRobeson performed 'Ol' Man River,' 'Joe Hill,' and 'March of the Volunteers' to 7,000 people.

Chinese Defense LeagueRobeson was Honorary Director.

'The Culture of the Negro' (1934)Robeson essay arguing Black culture is intuitive/emotional vs. Western abstract analysis.

'Negroes — Don't Ape the Whites' (1935)Robeson essay: imitating dominant culture kills uniqueness; suggested Black students go to Palestine and Pekin.

'Primitives' (1936)Robeson essay: art is 'the soul'; Western intellectualism made art tenuous and sterile.

London School of Oriental LanguagesWhere Robeson studied African and Chinese languages; found shared structures between them.

Robeson on African-Chinese parallelsLanguages had same basic structure; Chinese poems translated perfectly into African; Confucius/Lao Tzu = spiritual fathers.

New Life Movement1930s conservative Nationalist movement emphasizing Confucian values — Robeson's blind spot in romanticizing Chinese tradition.

'Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science'May Fourth slogan; contrast with Robeson's emphasis on emotion and nature.

Langston Hughes (1901-1967)Black American poet; visited Shanghai July 1933; turned from Harlem Renaissance aesthetics to leftist proletarian literature.

Black and White (1932)Soviet film project: 21 Black artists invited to USSR; script abandoned for not being authentic enough; Hughes stayed and went to China.

League of Struggle for Negro RightsHughes became its President after turning to the left.

'Roar, China!'Transnational chain: 1924 Tretyakov poem (Moscow) → 1926 play → 1930 NY → 1933 Shanghai (Ying Yun-wei) → 1935/38 Li Hua woodcut → 1937 Hughes poem.

Sergei Tretyakov (1892-1937)Soviet writer; gave Hughes the English version of 'Roar, China!' in Russia.

Li Hua (woodcut)Chinese artist who created famous 'Roar, China!' woodcut painting (1935/1938).

Hughes on Koreans in JapanCompared their treatment to Negroes in US — newspaper racial identification tags for crimes.

Hughes in Shanghai (July 1933)Witnessed narcotics (Green Gang), child prostitution, child labor (12-hour days), 30,000 dead poor picked up yearly.

Green GangPolitical racketeer combination controlling Shanghai's dope/narcotics trade.

Cathay HotelIconic Shanghai International Settlement hotel that excluded Asian and Black guests.

Annamites / Sikhs in ShanghaiMultiple foreign police forces: French (Annamites), British (Sikhs from India), Japanese, plus US Marines.

Hughes's deportation from JapanJapanese police detained Hughes; declared persona non grata; police later fabricated fake interview praising imperialism.

Madame Sun Yat-sen / Song QinglingConnected to Hughes by Agnes Smedley, alongside Lu Xun and Mao Dun in Shanghai's left-wing circles.

Lu Xun on cinemaObserved white actors revered while Black slaves portrayed as helpers; 'inferior Chinese' touched by white hero's sorrow for dead slave.

Lu Xun vs. Shao Xunmei (1906-68)Shao dismissed Black poetry as not popular outside US; Lu Xun: 'In the eyes of certain Chinese elites I am perceived merely as a black slave.'

Wenxue / Literature (1934 special issue)Chinese journal featuring Black literature in special issue on 'weak and small nations' (ruoxiao minzu).

Ruoxiao minzu (弱小民族)'Weak and small nations'; three categories: oppressed nations, minority nationalities, small-state nations.

Fu Donghua / Lydia FilatovaFu introduced Hughes for departing 'bourgeois aestheticism,' citing Soviet critic Filatova.

Three points of agreement (Lu Xun/Robeson/Hughes)(1) people of color subject to stereotypical images, (2) internal differences exist, (3) people of color shouldn't imitate the white/elite.

Global color line (Hughes)Racism is global technique of humiliation — even Japan (a 'colored' country) practiced it against Koreans and Chinese.

=== WEEK 7 ===(Week 7 separator — delete this card)

H.T. Tsiang (1899-1971)Chinese American leftist writer; born Nantong, Jiangsu; self-published most works; later acted in Hollywood films.

Tsiang's imprisonment (1915)Imprisoned for protesting the Twenty-One Demands as a student at Tongzhou Teachers' School.

Tsiang as secretary to Sun Yat-senBriefly served in 1925 while at Southeastern University, Nanjing.

Chinese Guide in AmericaBilingual periodical Tsiang founded; critical of KMT and Chiang Kai-shek.

Poems of the Chinese Revolution (1929)Tsiang's first work; self-published; endorsed by Upton Sinclair as 'the perfect voice of Young China.'

China Red (1931)Tsiang's first novel; self-published; written while working as Greenwich Village dishwasher.

The Hanging on Union Square (1935)Tsiang's experimental, darkly ironic novel about New York's proletarians; self-published.

And China Has Hands (1937)Tsiang's only outside-published novel (Robert Speller); same year as Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

China Marches On (1938)Tsiang's final published work; more conciliatory in tone, possibly to avoid deportation.

Robert SpellerPublisher of And China Has Hands; called it 'different — and refreshingly so!'

Ruth Crawford Seeger (1901-1953)Composer who adapted poems from Tsiang's China Red into the Workers Song Book.

A Floating 'Chinaman'Tsiang's never-published novel; 'odyssey of a Chinese proletarian' across China, US, USSR; possibly retitled Shanghai Newyork Moscow.

Pearl BuckAuthor of The Good Earth (1931); won Pulitzer 1932; created palatable American image of China that Tsiang wrote against.

The Good Earth (1931)Pearl Buck novel; protagonist Wang Lung rises from farmer to landowner; Chinese 'Horatio Alger' story.

Wang LungPearl Buck's protagonist who achieves the American Dream — contrast to Tsiang's Wong Wan-Lee.

Wong Wan-LeeProtagonist of And China Has Hands; Chinese laundryman in NY; name means 'ten thousand fortunes' (ironic); ultimately killed.

Pearl ChangFemale lead of And China Has Hands; daughter of Chinese father and Southern Black mother; name satirizes Pearl Buck.

Lin Yutang / Carl CrowWriters Tsiang saw, with Pearl Buck, as profiting from a marketplace demanding reassuring China images.

Harold Isaacs / Scratches on Our Minds (1958)Study finding 69 of 181 interviewees mentioned Pearl Buck as major source of impressions of Chinese.

Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance (CHLA)Formed in early 1930s NY to protect Chinese immigrant civil rights; slogan 'To save China, to save ourselves.'

1933 New York ordinanceRequired laundry owners to be US citizens and post $1,000 bond; designed to drive Chinese laundries out of business.

Strange Stories from a Chinese StudioBook Wong Wan-Lee reads before falling asleep and meeting the spirit-figure with the red-dress prophecy.

'Eight Hundred Million Hands'Final image of And China Has Hands; symbol of collective worker solidarity against imperialism.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)First US immigration policy targeting a specific national/ethnic group; repealed 1943 for wartime propaganda reasons.

Ghetto pastoralMichael Denning's term for 1930s proletarian novels set in immigrant neighborhoods, pushing realism to nightmarish ends.

Sojourner (Paul Siu)Chinese laundrymen unable or unwilling to relinquish ties to homeland; trapped between Chinatown reality and exotic fantasy.

Tsiang's 'in-betweenness'Position as neither fully American nor aligned with mainstream overseas Chinese (who supported KMT).

Tsiang's 'intervention'Literary strategy of writing against Pearl Buck and the mainstream China market.

Nanjing Massacre (1927)Refers to KMT's purge and massacre of leftists (NOT the 1937 Japanese massacre); Chiang consolidated power.

Mao and Zhu De / Jinggang Mountain (1928)Formed the first Red Army; CCP forced underground under one-party KMT dictatorship.

Tanggu Truce (1933)Ceasefire between China and Japan; same year Mao Dun published Spring Silkworms and Hughes visited Shanghai.

Long March (1934-1936)CCP abandoned Jiangxi Soviet under Bo Gu and Otto Braun's leadership.

Bo Gu and Otto BraunLeaders of CCP at start of Long March.

Zunyi Conference (1935)Turning point in Long March — Mao Zedong gained leadership; shifted to mobile military strategy.

Xi'an Incident (Dec 1936)Chiang Kai-shek arrested by Zhang Xue-liang; agreed to stop fighting Communists and collaborate against Japan.

Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 7, 1937)Marks beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War — full-scale war between China and Japan.

=== WEEK 8 ===(Week 8 separator — delete this card)

Nanchang Uprising (1927)Marked the beginning of the CCP's armed struggle.

Long MarchCCP retreat that included Xiang River War, Luding Bridge crossing, Chishui River crossings, Maogong meeting point, and Zunyi Conference.

Eighth Route ArmyReorganized name for main Red Army forces during Second Sino-Japanese War.

New Fourth ArmyRenamed guerrilla forces in the South during the united front against Japan.

Dixie Mission (1944)American military observation mission to Yan'an.

Yaodong (窯洞)Earth-sheltered cave dwellings — typical Yan'an living quarters.

Three-Three systemShaan-Gan-Ning border region governance: 1/3 Communist, 1/3 progressive non-party, 1/3 moderates.

'Fewer and better troops, simplified administration' (精兵简政)Yan'an policy alongside new marriage law and good general-soldier relations.

Norman BethuneCanadian surgeon celebrated in Communist China for selfless service in wartime North China; subject of 1964 film.

Gerald Tannebaum (1917-2001)American who lived in China; referenced in 0305 lecture on Yan'an.

Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1945)Cultural/political campaign to consolidate Mao's status, rectify subjectivism, Party work style, and Party eight-leggedism.

Party eight-leggedism (党八股)Party jargon, rigid formulaic writing — target of Rectification Movement.

Ding LingWrote 'Thoughts on March 8' during Rectification; Mao approved but Jiang Qing was angered; stepped down from Liberation Daily.

'Thoughts on March 8'Ding Ling's essay during the Rectification Movement period.

Liberation Daily (Jiefang Ribao)Yan'an newspaper where Mao's Yan'an Talks were first published October 19, 1943.

Wang Shi-wei (1906-1947)Writer who ran afoul of the Rectification campaign; arrested in 1947.

Xiao Jun (1907-1988)Writer who visited Mao July 1941; Mao advised him 'to be patient and mindful of interpersonal relationships.'

Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art (1942)Mao's May 1942 talks; first published October 19, 1943; aimed to sinicize Marxist/Leninist art theory.

Yan'an Talks: 'For whom?'Literature and art must serve workers, peasants, soldiers, and cadres — '90% of our total population.'

Yan'an Talks: source of artSocial life of the people is the only source; past works are 'a stream, not a source.'

Popularization (puji)Making literature accessible to the masses; for masses 'the prime need is fuel in snowy weather.'

Raising standards (tigao)Advancing from masses' present cultural level — must be based on popularization, not imposed 'from mid-air.'

'Cogs and wheels'Lenin/Mao's image: literature and art are subordinate to politics in the revolutionary machine.

Class transformation (Mao)Intellectuals must unlearn class position and relearn from masses; Mao's example: came to see workers/peasants as 'cleanest.'

Lu Xun couplet (Yan'an Talks)'Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers / Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children.'

Mao Zedong ThoughtOfficial term from 1942 for Sinified Marxism; endorsed in CCP party constitution as guiding ideology.

Zhao Shuli (1906-1970)From Qinshui County, Shanxi; vernacular rural fiction writer; first peasant activist, then literary writer.

Vernacular rural fiction (tongsu xiangtu xiaoshuo)Genre of Zhao Shuli's writing; uses peasants' language and emotional world.

'Novels of Problems'Zhao Shuli's category for his fiction: novels about problems encountered when working in the countryside.

Zhou Yang (1907-1989)Founder of League of Left-Wing Writers; praised Zhao Shuli in 1946 Liberation Daily article 'On Zhao Shuli's Creation.'

Hu Feng (1902-1985)Represented different literary-political line; opposed by Zhou Yang.

'The Marriage of Young Blacky' (1943)Zhao Shuli's story; September 1943; sold 40,000 copies in half a year; adapted to stage.

Third FairyCharacter whose nickname comes from fake spiritual possession; her taboo phrase: 'The rice is overdone.'

Liu the SageYoung Blacky's father in Marriage of Young Blacky; consults stars; taboo phrase: 'Not right for sowing.'

Young BlackyLiu the Sage's son; killed two enemies and earned 'Sharpshooter' title; head of Anti-Japanese Youth Vanguard.

Xiao QinThird Fairy's daughter; eighteen, prudent; close friend of Young Blacky; resists harassment.

Wang and Xing (Marriage of Young Blacky)Corrupt village cadres who seized power through elections; used positions for blackmail, extortion, rape; sentenced 15 years.

District Chief (Marriage of Young Blacky)Communist cadre embodying 'mixed justice' — blending premodern moral judgment with revolutionary modernity.

Tongyangxi (in Marriage of Young Blacky)Child bride — Liu the Sage arranges nine-year-old famine refugee for Young Blacky; rejected.

=== WEEK 10 ===(Week 10 separator — delete this card)

New DemocracyPost-1949 PRC political model: CCP-led alliance of four 'friendly' classes (workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, national bourgeoisie); not Western electoral democracy.

1950 Decision Regarding Classification of Rural ClassesState Council document defining classes by proportion of income from exploiting others' labor.

Land Reform classificationLadder: Landlord → Rich Peasant → Middle Peasant → Poor Peasant → Rural Laborer.

Three-Anti Campaign (1951-52)Targeted corruption, waste, and bureaucratism among Party cadres and state officials.

Five-Anti Campaign (1952)Targeted urban business: bribery, theft of state property, tax evasion, contract cheating, theft of economic intelligence.

Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1951-53)Urban political purge during PRC consolidation period.

First Five-Year Plan (1953-57)Industrialization on the Soviet model.

New Marriage Law (May 1, 1951)Drafted by women; banned bigamy, concubinage, forced marriage, and adoption of girls.

Korean War (1950-53)Slogan: '抗美援朝, 保家衛國' (Resist the US, support Korea; defend your family, protect the country).

League Against Imperialism and Colonialism (Brussels 1927)Many future Bandung delegates met here; Sukarno later referenced it.

League Against Imperialism — Shanghai (1933)Showed the Chinese left's early insertion into the anti-colonial network.

Asian Relations Conference (New Delhi 1947)Hosted by Nehru and Sarojini Naidu; helped pave the way for non-aligned thinking and Asianism.

Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949)Co-host of 1947 Asian Relations Conference; her opening speech famously asked why 'a mere woman' had been chosen.

Asian Conference on Indonesia (Jan 1949)Convened by Nehru in solidarity with the Indonesian independence struggle.

Women's International Democratic Federation (Beijing 1949)Beijing emerges as international hub for women's organizing.

World Peace Council (1951)India sent a Peace Committee delegation to China.

Asia-Pacific Rim Peace Conference (Beijing 1952)Song Qingling chairwoman of the Peace Liaison Committee.

Asian Socialist Conference (Rangoon 1953)Asian democratic socialists rejecting both Western capitalism and Soviet/Chinese communism.

Colombo Powers / Bogor Conference (1954)The five Asian PMs planning Bandung.

Bandung Conference (April 1955)29 Asian and African nations met in Bandung, Indonesia; sponsored by Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Pakistan.

Sukarno (1901-1970)Indonesian president; Bandung host; called conference 'first intercontinental conference of coloured peoples in history.'

'Life-line of Imperialism'Sukarno's term for the imperial shipping corridor: Gibraltar → Mediterranean → Suez → Red Sea → Indian Ocean → South China Sea → Sea of Japan.

Pancha Sila / Bhinneka Tunggal IkaIndonesian national philosophy; 'Unity in Diversity'; Sukarno described Indonesia as 'Asia-Africa in small.'

Moral Violence of NationsSukarno's term for combined moral-political weight of 1.4 billion Asians and Africans, even without military/economic dominance.

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence(1) mutual respect for sovereignty/territorial integrity, (2) non-aggression, (3) non-interference in internal affairs, (4) equality and mutual benefit, (5) peaceful coexistence.

Zhou Enlai (1898-1976)Architect of PRC's 'peaceful coexistence' diplomacy; led Chinese delegation at Bandung; emphasized 'common ground.'

Da Pusheng (1874-1965)Muslim scholar (akhund) in Chinese delegation at Bandung; signaled China's Muslim population to the Arab world.

Iraqi delegate's three forces (Bandung)Three obstacles to world peace: Colonialism, Zionism, and Communism (notably NOT capitalism).

Bandung assassination plotKMT Jakarta branch organized 28-member squad with US-Embassy-supplied silenced pistols; Indian aircraft destroyed midair; Zhou changed route.

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM, founded 1961)Belgrade conference; founders Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Nkrumah, Sukarno; China NOT a member.

Tito (1892-1980)Yugoslavia; NAM co-founder.

Nehru (1889-1964)India; NAM co-founder; hosted 1947 Asian Relations Conference.

Nasser (1918-1970)Egypt; NAM co-founder.

Nkrumah (1909-1972)Ghana; NAM co-founder.

Tazara RailwayPRC-Tanzania-Zambia infrastructure project; material legacy of Bandung solidarity.

Afro-Asian Writers' Conference (Tashkent 1958)October 7-13, 1958; led by Mao Dun for the Chinese delegation; cultural front of the Cold War.

Mao Dun (1896-1981)Led Chinese delegation at Tashkent; chairman of Chinese Writers' Association; author of Spring Silkworms.

Great Leap Forward (1958-62)Launched same year as Tashkent; rural communes, backyard steel furnaces; led to famine killing 20+ million.

Sino-Soviet splitMao's distrust of Soviet expertise; rejection of elite intellectualism; emphasis on peasant self-reliance.

Congress for Cultural FreedomCIA-funded cultural Cold War organization (West Berlin 1950, exposed 1966); promoted abstract expressionism vs. socialist realism.

George Kennan (1904-2005)Architect of US containment doctrine; argued US had half the world's wealth but only 6.3% of population.

Guo Moruo / Kuo Mo-jo (1892-1978)Author of 'Hopes for the Asian-African Writers' Conference'; four hopes: reflection, mutual understanding, resistance, serving the majority.

Denji Kuroshima (1898-1943)Japanese anti-war writer quoted by Guo Moruo: 'So long as the capitalist system continues to exist, wars will never be eradicated.'

Zhou Yang at TashkentDelivered 'Free Culture from Colonialism'; argued national cultures are common riches; Asian cultural priority over Afro-Asian commonality.

Feudal-comprador cultureZhou Yang's term: culture produced by imperialist alliance with native reactionary feudal/comprador classes.

'Spiritual civilization of the East'Zhou Yang's diagnosis: degraded Orientalism the feudal-comprador alliance promoted (connects to Lu Xun's 'spiritual victory').

Yi Wen (Translation)First issue published Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable (1935) and Two Leaves and a Bud (1937).

Mulk Raj Anand (1905-2004)Indian novelist (Untouchable, Two Leaves and a Bud) published in Chinese translation.

World LiteratureChinese journal that published over 380 poems from Afro-Asian writers.

Lotus journalTri-quarterly journal of Afro-Asian Writers' Association; Cairo 1968-late 1970s; Arabic, English, French; prize to Chinua Achebe.

Chinua Achebe (1930-2013)Nigerian novelist (Things Fall Apart); recipient of Lotus prize; later 'discovered' by Western postcolonial canon.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925-2006)Indonesian writer influenced by translations of Mao, Lu Xun, Ding Ling, Mao Dun.

Rameshwari Nehru (1886-1966)Foundational figure for the later Afro-Asian Women's Conference.

Song QinglingChairwoman of Peace Liaison Committee of Asian and Pacific Regions (1952); Madame Sun Yat-sen.

Bandung 'humanism'Distinct from Cold War bipolarity: context-specific examples, global within Asian-African cooperation, Asia/Africa as classical birthplaces of faiths.

=== WEEK 11 ===(Week 11 separator — delete this card)

Three Worlds Theory (Mao)First World: US/USSR superpowers; Second World: Japan, Western Europe, Canada; Third World: Asia, Africa, Latin America.

Peaceful coexistence diplomacyAssociated with Zhou Enlai; cultivating stable state-to-state relations across political systems.

Exporting world revolutionAssociated with Lin Biao; positioning the PRC as a revolutionary model for oppressed peoples.

Lin Biao (1907-1971)Associated with exporting world revolution; PLA commander; Mao's designated successor; died in plane crash in Outer Mongolia Sept 13, 1971.

Sino-Soviet split (revisionist/social imperialist)Late 1950s; China cast Soviet Union as 'revisionist' and 'social imperialist.'

Pablo Neruda (1904-1973)Chilean poet; visited China 1951.

Ai Qing (1910-1996)Chinese poet; visited Santiago for Neruda's birthday.

José VenturelliChilean artist; worked alongside Chinese painter Li Keran in Beijing.

Li Keran (1907-1989)Chinese painter who collaborated with Venturelli.

1817 Anglo-Spanish treatyAbolished African slave trade; Spain violated it but couldn't bring slaves openly — turned to Chinese indenture.

1841 Cuban censusDemographic anxiety: 1,017,000 total; 418,000 whites, 432,000 slaves, 150,000 free mestizos — Spanish feared slave revolts.

1844 Ladder ConspiracySlave revolt fear that pushed Spain toward Chinese indentured labor.

The Oquendo (1847)Spanish ship that arrived at Havana Bay June 3, 1847 with first 206 Chinese indentured workers.

Chinese in Cuba (1848-1874)Approximately 141,000 Chinese shipped to Cuba; 10-15% died during the four-to-five-month voyage.

Illustrated Description of the Living Hells (1875)Documented widespread torture, whippings, and suicides of Chinese laborers in Cuba.

Peking Agreement (Nov 17, 1877)Signed between China and Spain; formally ended the criminal trade in indentured Chinese labor.

Ten Years' War (1868-1878)Cuba's first independence war; freed Chinese indentured laborers (contracts declared null by Cuban Republic in Arms).

Little War (1879-1880)Cuba's second independence war.

Necessary War (1895-1898)Cuba's final independence war.

Máximo Gómez (1836-1905)Dominican-born Cuban general; commanded 500-Chinese battalion at Battle of Las Guásimas (1874).

Battle of Las Guásimas (1874)Battle where 500 native-born Chinese fought under General Máximo Gómez.

José Tolón (Lai Wa) / José BuTwo Chinese fighters in all three Cuban independence wars; among only four foreigners to qualify for Cuban citizenship under Article 65.

Gonzalo de Quesada (1868-1915)Secretary of José Martí's Cuban Revolutionary Party; said of Chinese fighters: 'no Chinese Cuban deserter, no Chinese Cuban traitor.'

Kit Yi Tong (1867)First Chinese society in Cuba.

Chung Wah CasinoUmbrella group of Chinese societies in pre-1959 Havana; under Kuomintang influence.

José Wong / Huang Tao-bai (1898-1930)Chinese Cuban revolutionary; founded Cuban Anti-imperialist League (1925); murdered in prison 1930.

Cuban Anti-imperialist League (1925)Founded by José Wong; he also joined the newly formed Communist Party of Cuba.

Gerardo Machado (1871-1939)Cuban dictator opposed by José Wong; ordered Wong's murder with KMT ambassador's permission.

Revolutionary Alliance for the Protection of Chinese Workers and Peasants (1927)Established by José Wong; published the newspaper Gunnun Hushen.

Gunnun Hushen / Workers and Peasants' Voice (工農呼聲報)Newspaper edited by José Wong.

José Wong Brigade (1960)Chinese Cuban militia of Revolutionary National Militia; broke Chinese capitalists' hold on Chinatown; helped defeat Bay of Pigs.

Playa Girón (Bay of Pigs, 1961)Failed mercenary invasion defeated in part by the José Wong Brigade.

Cuba recognizes PRC (Sept 1960)Cuba cut ties with Taiwan; first Latin American country to recognize the PRC.

Vicki Garvin (1915-2007)African American labor organizer; English teacher at Shanghai Foreign Languages Institute (1964-1970); developed 'two lines' framework.

CPUSACommunist Party of the United States of America; Garvin left in 1958 frustrated by 'careerists, opportunists, even enemy agents.'

National Negro Labor CouncilCo-founded by Vicki Garvin in U.S. radical politics.

Freedom newspaperPaul Robeson's newspaper; Garvin was a founding member.

Huang Hua (1913-2010)China's ambassador to Ghana (later Egypt); opened the door for Garvin's move to China.

He Liliang (1926-)Huang Hua's wife; one of Garvin's early English students in Accra.

Malcolm X / Garvin Cairo encounterAt Cairo layover, Malcolm X told Garvin: 'Go over there and learn as much as you can because we'll need you in the struggle.'

Shanghai Foreign Languages InstituteUniversity founded 1949; nearly 4,000 students; where Garvin taught from 1964.

Peace HotelWhere Garvin lived in Shanghai; one of few venues that still had a live jazz band.

Leibel BergmanGarvin's husband (married 1967).

'Make the past serve the present, make the foreign serve China'Mao's dictum (gu wei jin yong, yang wei zhong yong) that Garvin self-consciously applied to her teaching.

'In Memory of Norman Bethune'Mao's essay Garvin used as template for being a 'foreign friend of China.'

'Two Lines' frameworkGarvin's lecture series adapting Mao's 'On the Correct Handling of Contradictions': Resistance vs. Capitulation in Black political history.

'On the Correct Handling of Contradictions' (1957)Mao speech with the 'dual character' concept that Garvin applied to Black political struggle.

'Carrot and the club'Garvin's image: U.S. ruling-class tactics — coercion (club) for resistance + reforms (carrot) for capitulation.

Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)Garvin praised him for anti-imperialism, equal rights, and Black self-defense — 'resistance' line.

William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)Garvin criticized his abolitionism as 'one-sided,' 'paternalistic,' not based on class analysis — 'capitulation' line.

Civil Rights Act 1964 / Voting Rights Act 1965Garvin's verdict: 'pathetic compromises' — 'an emaciated carrot' to slow down the Negro liberation movement.

'Pathetic compromises'Garvin's characterization of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act.

Robert Williams (1925-1996) / Mabel WilliamsAfrican American activists in China from July 1966; endorsed GPCR; declared 'Without China, there can be no Black struggle in America.'

The CrusaderNewspaper Robert and Mabel Williams continued editing from exile in China.

'Golden ghetto' (jinse de pinminku)Chinese citizens' name for exclusive compound (former Italian embassy) where the Williamses were hosted.

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (GPCR, 1966-1976)Official name of the Cultural Revolution; both 'unintended and organic' to Mao's revolutionary philosophy.

Decade of ChaosCommon reform-era label for 1966-1976.

Wu HanBeijing vice-mayor/playwright whose play (criticized by Yao Wenyuan in 1965) triggered the GPCR's opening attack.

Red GuardsFormed May 29, 1966; Mao received them at Tiananmen August 18; destroyed 'old feudalistic' things; attacked 'bourgeois' symbols.

Theory of BloodlineEarly CR doctrine: 'The father is revolutionary, the son is a hero; the father is reactionary, the son is a bastard.'

Liu Shaoqi'Big Chinese Khrushchev'; dismissed 1968; died of pneumonia in detention 1969.

Deng Xiaoping (CR)Purged with Liu Shaoqi; sent to Jiangxi to repair tractors; brought back by Mao 1973.

January Revolution (1967)Radical factions seized Shanghai's Wen Wei Po and Liberation Daily; Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan founded Shanghai Commune.

Shanghai CommuneEstablished by Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan during January Revolution 1967.

Down to the Countryside movement (下鄉/xia xiang)By December 1968, about 20 million young people had been sent to rural areas to learn from peasants.

Lin Biao plane crash (Sept 13, 1971)Lin Biao, Mao's designated successor, died when his aircraft crashed in Outer Mongolia.

Gang of FourJiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen — arrested October 6, 1976 in the Huairen Hall coup.

Jiang QingMao's wife; key architect of the GPCR; member of the Gang of Four.

Yao WenyuanCritic of Wu Han's play (triggering GPCR); Gang of Four member.

Zhang ChunqiaoCo-founded Shanghai Commune; Gang of Four member.

Wang HongwenFourth member of the Gang of Four.

Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG)The organ that drove the GPCR forward.

Four Cleanups (siqing yundong)1962 socialist education movement preceding the Cultural Revolution.

Huairen Hall coup (Oct 6, 1976)Arrest of the Gang of Four, along with Mao Yuanxin.

Mao YuanxinMao's nephew; arrested with the Gang of Four.

Permanent revolution (不斷革命)Mao's concept of continuous ideological struggle; Garvin continued to support this concept.

Mao receives Nixon (1972)PRC's diplomatic opening to the US.

April 5th Movement (1976)Gathered at Tiananmen to commemorate Zhou Enlai's death (January 1976).

Sinification of MarxismMao's project of adapting Marxism to Chinese historical specificity.

'Red and expert' (又红又专)Mao's 1958 idiom: combining political rectitude with professional skill.

Frazier's expatriate paradoxForeign expatriates were genuinely moved by Chinese Revolution but structurally isolated from internal contradictions.

=== WEEK 12 ===(Week 12 separator — delete this card)

Star Ferry Riots (April 4, 1966)Hong Kong: So Sau-chung's hunger strike protested fare increase; days of unrest, curfew April 6-8.

So Sau-chung (蘇守忠)Triggered 1966 Star Ferry Riots; detained at Castle Peak Hospital; later starred in Law Kar's Beg for Life.

Castle Peak HospitalHong Kong's oldest psychiatric hospital; where So Sau-chung was detained.

1967 Hong Kong Riot (May-Dec 1967)HK leftists initiated prolonged struggle against colonial government, influenced by Macau victory and Cultural Revolution.

Macau victory (Dec 1966)Inspired HK leftists to initiate the 1967 Riot despite Zhou Enlai's directive.

Zhou Enlai's Aug 1966 directiveCultural Revolution should be confined to the mainland — defied by HK rank-and-file cadres.

Federation of Trade Unions (HK)Became isolated and marginalized after the 1967 Riot.

Fu Chi and Shi HuiFamous HK leftist film couple arrested by colonial government after the 1967 Riot.

Governor MacLehose (1971-1982)Hong Kong Governor; channeled young people's energy into popular culture/Hollywood as 'channels to release frustration.'

Defend the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands MovementTransnational anti-imperialist movement (HK, Taiwan, overseas Chinese) from 1971.

Committee for Defense of the Diaoyu Islands (Feb 1971)Established in Hong Kong; ~30 demonstrations and assemblies between Feb 1971 and May 1972.

Law Kar (羅卡)HK film critic, documentary filmmaker, actor; director of Destiny, Accident, Shadow, Routine, Beg for Life, Song of Diaoyu Incident.

Beg for Life (乞食, 1970)Law Kar's most important experimental short; cast So Sau-chung; opens with Laozi quotation; expresses political/sexual frustration.

Intellectual Biweekly (知識分子雙週刊)Law Kar's magazine; office under HK government surveillance; phone tapped.

Song of Diaoyu Incident (1971)Co-shot by Law Kar with Chiu Tak-Hut on two 16mm cameras, in collaboration with The 70s Biweekly.

Chiu Tak-HutExperimental filmmaker in Cathay Studio art department; co-shot Song of Diaoyu Incident.

Spontaneous documentaryLate-1960s HK documentary/experimental filmmaking on 16mm or Super 8 outside commercial channels.

Third World Cinema (Law Kar's view)Law Kar argues 1940s-50s HK leftist cinema was already part of this tradition; 1970s couldn't sustain it.

The 70s BiweeklyRadical HK magazine (1970-); new left, anarchist, Trotskyist, liberal democratic; anti-colonial but neither pro-Beijing nor pro-KMT.

Mok Chiu-yu (莫昭如, 1947- )Co-founder of The 70s Biweekly; University of Adelaide economics; anarchist/libertarian socialist.

Ng Chung YinCo-founder and chief editor of The 70s Biweekly; later detained in the mainland.

Chinese Language MovementEarly-1970s HK movement to establish Chinese as official language alongside English.

Dwarf Film Society / Visual Programme System / Cactus ClubMok Chiu-yu's film society; renamed because HK colonial police repeatedly refused public entertainment licenses.

To Hong Kong's Intellectual Youth (1978)Mok's 35mm film effectively banned by colonial censorship board (image of naked boy on Union Jack, Mao references).

Quest for a Hong Kong TheatreMok's film shown at the 1984 International Anarchist Gathering in Venice.

Black Bird a Living Song (1984-87)Mok's later film.

Fang Lizhi (1936-2012)Principal of USTC Hefei; supported 1986 student movements; expelled from CCP in 1987.

1986 USTC Hefei student movements28-day movement spreading to Hubei, Shanghai, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Beijing — laid groundwork for June Fourth.

Hu Yaobang (1915-1989)CCP Chairman; criticized for being lenient with youth; forced to resign 1987; died April 15, 1989 — triggered Tiananmen gatherings.

Zhao Ziyang (1919-2005)General Secretary of CCP in 1989; visited students at Tiananmen and urged them to end protest.

April 26, 1989 editorialDeng Xiaoping framed the movement as a 'counter-revolutionary' conspiracy to overthrow the CCP.

Martial law (May 20, 1989)Declared in Beijing; hunger strikes continued; HK's ~1 million participants in support.

June Fourth Incident (1989)Tiananmen crackdown on night of June 3-4; major turning point for Chinese politics and global socialism.

Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour (1992)Revived Reform and Opening Up after June Fourth halt; declared anti-reform leaders should be removed.

Cat TheoryDeng Xiaoping: 'It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice'; ideological labels won't govern economic policy.

Dai JinhuaAuthor of After the Post-Cold War; theorist of aphasia, melancholia, and missing future imaginary.

'Aphasia of multiple ideological discourses'Dai Jinhua's diagnosis: China can no longer coherently name its own transformation; CCP rhetoric vs. capitalism.

'Politics of melancholia'Dai Jinhua: shared condition of Chinese neoliberals (mourning 1930s Shanghai) and New Left (mourning Maoist 50s-70s).

'Class' neighborhood (Wangjing)Beijing satellite district where Dai found rusting Marx sculpture inscribed with 'Base determines superstructure.'

'Base determines superstructure'Marx's formula; inscription on Dai's cast iron sculpture in the 'Class' neighborhood.

2003 turning point (Dai)CCP officially declared itself a ruling party; History + Revolutionary Museum merged into China National Museum.

Margaret Thatcher / 'There is no alternative'Slogan of Post-Cold War neoliberal consensus.

Francis Fukuyama / 'The end of history'Phrase for liberal capitalism's apparent global victory after Cold War.

Jacques Derrida / 'specter of Marx'Dai salutes the specter of Marx that has lost its flesh and blood.

Subcomandante Marcos / 'Fourth World War'Zapatista National Liberation Army leader; era after Post-Cold War as competition between empires for resources, energy, financial hegemony.

Giovanni Arrighi / Adam Smith in BeijingSketched a vision of China guiding the global economy.

Alain Badiou / Communist HypothesisReturn to communist theory among scholars; insistence that an alternative future must be thinkable.

'Another World Is Possible'Motto of the World Social Forum.

Hero (Zhang Yimou)Film where blood-red 'sword' (absolute power) dominates while 'tianxia' (all under heaven) is never visible — Dai's symptom of depoliticization.

Assembly (Feng Xiaogang, 2007)Film where CCP civil war soldiers become generic Hollywood-style international soldiers — displacing political meanings.

V for Vendetta (2005)V mask + 'We are the 99 percent' suggest pop-cultural reinvention of collective resistance.

Jasic Technology dispute (Aug 2018)Shenzhen labor dispute; workers tried to form trade union; joined by Peking University and Tsinghua students.

Three eras / binaries (Dai)Cold War: capitalism vs. communism; Post-Cold War: democracy vs. authoritarianism; After Post-Cold War: terrorism vs. anti-terrorism.

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Fourth Generation (cinema)Late-1970s veterans whose careers began before Cultural Revolution; depoliticized; focused on personal trauma; long takes/spatial composition.

Fifth Generation (cinema)Class of 1978 Beijing Film Academy; Reform-era arthouse; international ambition; Chinese history as dead end.

Sixth Generation (cinema)1990s-2000s; gritty urban realism, indie/documentary-influenced; migrant workers, marginal lives, post-socialist disorientation.

Wu Tianming (1939-2014)Fourth Generation director.

Huang Shuqin (1939-2022)Fourth Generation director.

Xie Fei (1942-)Fourth Generation director.

Evening Rain (巴山夜雨, 1981)Wu Yonggang's representative Fourth Generation film.

The Drive to Win (沙鷗, 1981)Zhang Nuanxin's Fourth Generation film known for its long takes.

Class of 1978First post-Cultural Revolution cohort at Beijing Film Academy; institutional shorthand for Fifth Generation.

Beijing Film AcademyWhere the Fifth Generation trained after the reopening of higher education.

Chen Kaige (陳凱歌, 1952-)Fifth Generation director of Farewell My Concubine (1993); Class of 1978; son of director Chen Huaikai.

Zhang YimouFifth Generation director.

Jia Zhangke (賈樟柯)Sixth Generation director; The World (2004).

Wang XiaoshuaiSixth Generation director.

Lou YeSixth Generation director.

The World (2004)Jia Zhangke film set in Beijing's World Park; meditation on globalization and isolation.

New Era (新時期)Reform-era period of economic reform, modernization, and liberalization (1980s under Deng Xiaoping).

Four ModernizationsAgriculture, industry, national defense, science/technology; proposed by Zhou Enlai 1960s, adopted by Deng 1980s.

Xiaokang (小康) — Reform Era'Moderately prosperous society'; Confucian-derived term Deng repurposed for middle-income society.

China Imports and Exports Company (1979)Institutional infrastructure opening Chinese cinema to international markets.

China Film Co-production Corporation (1979)Institutional infrastructure for international co-productions.

Fever of ScientismReform-era recasting of Cultural Revolution as feudal/irrational; science treated as politically neutral, universal path forward.

Chen Huaikai (1920-1994)Chen Kaige's father; director of socialist-era classic Song of Youth (青春之歌, 1959).

Song of Youth (青春之歌, 1959)Classic socialist-era film directed by Chen Kaige's father.

Asian Cultural CouncilFellowship through which Chen Kaige visited NYU as visiting scholar in late 1980s.

Duran Duran 'Do You Believe in Shame'Music video Chen Kaige made while in the US.

Farewell My Concubine (1993)Chen Kaige's international breakthrough; won Palme d'Or at Cannes; sweeping melodrama about Chinese history.

Palme d'OrTop prize at Cannes; won by Farewell My Concubine.

Xu Feng (徐楓)Taiwanese actress / 1970s martial-arts star turned producer of Farewell My Concubine.

Lilian Lee / Li Bihua (李碧華)Author of the 1986 novel Farewell My Concubine.

Lu WeiCo-screenwriter of Farewell My Concubine (with Lilian Lee and Chen Kaige).

King Chau and Lady Yu (1981 RTHK)Alex Law's earlier Hong Kong adaptation; precursor to Farewell My Concubine.

Alex LawDirector of King Chau and Lady Yu (1981 RTHK).

Cheng DieyiOpera performer who plays the concubine in Farewell My Concubine; multiple symbolic castrations; lifelong loyalty to Duan Xiaolou.

Duan XiaolouOpera performer who plays the King of Chu; husband of Juxian; childhood partner of Cheng Dieyi.

JuxianFormer prostitute who becomes Duan Xiaolou's wife; represents practical, domestic, modern relationship.

Master GuanOpera-school master whose violent discipline embodies 'traditional violence' the film does not fully critique.

Eunuch ZhangFigure who sexually exploits Cheng Dieyi as a child.

Symbolic castration (Cheng Dieyi)(1) Mother cuts off extra finger, (2) Forced to recite 'I am by nature a girl,' (3) Sexually exploited by Eunuch Zhang.

'Fear' (Chen Kaige)Chen's defining emotional structure of the Cultural Revolution: fear of being abandoned by the collective.

Chen's struggle session against his fatherAt 14, Chen participated in a public struggle session against his own father; shapes the film's denunciation scene.

'Cannibalistic' historyLu Xun / May Fourth phrase for Chinese historical tradition; relevant to 'history as stage' framework.

Grand History as a stageLecture's framework for Fifth Generation cinema: Chinese history as meaningless theatrical loop.

'Catching up with the West'Political-cultural logic of late-1980s/1990s China that replaced Third World solidarity framework.

Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference (1952)Conference Chen Kaige's original given name (皚鴿 'pure white dove') commemorated.

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Beyond (band)Hong Kong rock band formed 1983; lead vocalist Wong Ka-kui; one of most influential musical forces in 1990s/2000s mainland China.

Wong Ka-kui (黃家駒, 1962-1993)Beyond's lead vocalist, composer, lyricist; could both compose music and write lyrics; died after fall on Japanese game show.

Yip Sai-wing (葉世榮)Beyond drummer and co-founder.

Wong Ka-keung (黃家強)Beyond bassist; Wong Ka-kui's younger brother; joined 1984.

Paul Wong (黃貫中)Beyond guitarist; joined 1985.

Lau Chi-yuenFifth Beyond member who departed in 1988.

Beyond's Western influencesDavid Bowie, King Crimson, Pink Floyd; extended instrumental passages, even heavy metal.

Goodbye Ideal (再見理想, 1986)Beyond's first commercial album.

Arabian Dancing Girls (1987)Beyond's commercial breakthrough album.

'Really Love You' (真的愛你, 1989)Song that made Beyond a household name across Cantonese-speaking world.

'Glorious Years' (光輝歲月, 1990)Beyond song celebrating Nelson Mandela; references 'meaning he finds in his dark skin.'

'Amani' (1991)Beyond song inspired by Tanzania visit; title is Swahili for 'peace'; addresses world peace, war, suffering of children.

Continue the Revolution (繼續革命, 1992)Beyond's 8th studio album, including 'Great Wall' (長城).

'Great Wall' (長城, 1992)Beyond song addressing Chinese national mythology critically.

'Father and Mother' (爸爸媽媽, 1993)Beyond song; political allegory dismissing both 'father' (England) and 'mother' (PRC) as colonial powers fighting over HK.

Rock N Roll (樂與怒, 1993)Beyond's 9th studio album; play on Cantonese 'music and anger' / English 'rock and roll'; included 'Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies.'

'Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies' (海闊天空)Beyond's signature song; later sung at 2010 anti-Express Rail Link movement and 2014 Umbrella Movement.

Cui Jian (崔健)Beijing rock pioneer; performed 'Yiwu suoyou' at Workers' Stadium May 1986; banned from official Beijing concerts until 2007.

'Yiwu suoyou' (一無所有) / 'Nothing to My Name'Cui Jian's 1986 song; unofficial anthem of 1989 student democratic movement; covered by Beyond in Cantonese in Dec 1989.

Concert for Democracy in China (May 27, 1989)Held at Hong Kong's Happy Valley Racecourse; Beyond performed 'Great Earth'; raised money for Beijing students.

Hou Dejian (侯德健)Taiwanese folk-rock singer who sang 'Descendants of the Dragon' at the 1989 HK Concert for Democracy.

'Descendants of the Dragon'Song Hou Dejian performed at the 1989 HK Concert for Democracy.

Teresa Teng (鄧麗君, 1953-1995)Taiwanese pop superstar; 'Old Deng rules by day, little Teng rules by night'; symbol of Gangtai pop in PRC.

The Real Testament (真的見證, Dec 1989)Beyond concerts in Hong Kong dedicating Cui Jian's song to Tiananmen victims.

Ucchan-nanchan no Yarunara YaranebaJapanese game show on which Wong Ka-kui suffered fatal fall in June 1993.

Umbrella Movement (2014)HK protest where 'Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies' was sung during occupation of Causeway Bay (Sept 28, 2014).

SinophoneFramework (Shu-mei Shih, 2007) for studying Chinese-language cultural production beyond unified Mandarin-Han-centric notion of 'Chineseness.'

Shu-mei ShihLiterary scholar who coined the concept of the Sinophone in 2007.

Nathanel AmarAuthor of 'Beyond Musical, Political, and Linguistic Boundaries'; applies Sinophone framework to Beyond's PRC reception.

CantopopCantonese-language popular music, centered in Hong Kong.

Gangtai pop (港台 pop)Contraction of Xianggang (HK) + Taiwan; HK and Taiwan popular music in PRC market via pirated cassettes.

Dakou (打口) tapes/CDsRecycled, unsold Western recordings shipped to China for disposal but resold on black market; key vector for foreign rock entering China.

KTV hua (KTV 話)Amar's term: non-Cantonese speakers mimicking Cantonese sounds phonetically while singing Beyond songs in karaoke.

Han-centricCultural-political assumption that Han Chinese identity (and Mandarin) defines 'Chineseness'; challenged by Beyond's reception.

Continental colonialismShu-mei Shih's term for Chinese internal cultural domination over linguistic and ethnic minorities.

The Four Heavenly Kings (四大天王)Four Hong Kong Cantopop superstars of the 1990s; insulted by Beijing rocker He Yong at HK Coliseum 1994 (rock-vs-pop conflict).

He YongBeijing rocker who insulted the Four Heavenly Kings at HK Coliseum 1994.

Da Peng (大鵬)Chinese actor and director; tearful Beyond tribute on Challenger's Alliance (2015); directed City of Rock (2017).

City of Rock (縫紉機樂隊, 2017)Da Peng's film closing with all-cast Cantonese performance of Beyond's 'No Hesitation.'

Mosaic (馬賽克)Chengdu indie rock band; album Pop Rave (2018) cover features Beyond's Rock N Roll vinyl.

Wan Li Ma Wang (萬里馬王)First PRC rock band, formed 1979 at Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages.

'Glory to Hong Kong' (願榮光歸香港, 2019)Anonymous online collective song; largely replaced Beyond songs in 2019 anti-ELAB protests.

Anti-ELAB protests (2019)Hong Kong protests; some radical protesters criticized collective Beyond singalongs as outdated.

Lo Ta-yuTaiwanese star whose pirated cassettes circulated in mainland China alongside Teresa Teng.

Andy Lau 'Chinese' (中國人, 1997)Mandarin song released around HK handover.

20th Anniversary Concert (Aug 23, 2003)Beyond's full-house concert at Beijing Workers' Stadium, two months after SARS; landmark of post-handover HK-PRC musical exchange.

Goddess of DemocracyStatue arrived at CUHK in 2010; Beyond's '20 Years of War of Resistance' was sung at the occasion.