Metabolism and Energy Transformation

These flashcards cover key concepts related to metabolism, energy transfer, and enzymatic functions as discussed in the lecture.

Bioluminescence is produced by transforming energy into light energy.

Dinoflagellates

Metabolism mainly involves pathways representing the alteration of specific molecules.

Metabolic

Glucose can be transformed into cellulose through a series of .

Steps

In catabolic reactions, larger molecules like sugar are into smaller molecules.

Broken down

Anabolic pathways involve building up ____ from smaller, simpler materials.

Complex molecules

The two types of energy discussed are kinetic energy and energy.

Potential

Kinetic energy is associated with .

Movement

If a molecule is at a high position, it has ____ energy due to its potential of falling.

Potential

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be or destroyed.

Neither created nor

Entropy is a measure of in a chemical system.

Disorder

The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transformations must result in an in entropy.

Increase

Chemical reactions that release energy are known as reactions.

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that require energy input are called reactions.

Endergonic

Free energy is represented by the letter in thermodynamics.

G

A positive delta G indicates a _ process that absorbs energy.

Non-spontaneous

ATP is essential for doing work in the cell.

Chemical

Three types of cellular work powered by ATP include chemical work, transport work, and work.

Mechanical

The breaking of a phosphate bond in ATP is known as .

Hydrolysis

Activation energy is the initial _ needed to start a chemical reaction.

Energy investment

Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions by lowering the energy required for the reaction to proceed.

Activation

The specific region of an enzyme that binds to the substrate is called the site.

Active

When an enzyme binds to a substrate, it forms a complex.

Enzyme-substrate

Competitive inhibition occurs when a molecule for the active site of an enzyme.

Competes

Allosteric regulation involves binding to a site other than the site on an enzyme.

Active

Feedback inhibition is a method of regulating enzyme activity by using the of a metabolic pathway.

End product

In positive feedback, the product the pathway to produce more of a substance.

Ramps up

The reactants in a chemical reaction are also known as the .

Substrates

In the context of energy buffering, ATP provides what is known as to drive endergonic reactions.

Energy coupling

The transformation of glucose into CO2 occurs during respiration.

Cellular

When a glass of wine shatters, it represents an increase in .

Entropy

When glucose is broken down, it results in lower free energy products, exemplifying an reaction.

Exergonic

Photosynthesis is an example of an energetically reaction, requiring energy input from sunlight.

Endergonic