World History Topic 13 Test

King Philip

Enforced Catholicism and strong monarchical power; faced issues with the Protestant Reformation and rebellion by the Netherlands.

Elizabeth I

Stabilized England and allowed religious practice diversity; faced war with Spain.

James I

Believed kings derive power from God; clashed with Parliament over power sharing.

Charles I

Son of James I; believed in divine right, leading to conflict with Parliament and influenced migration to America.

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War.

Cavaliers

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War.

Restoration (Charles II)

Leaned towards Catholicism, eased restrictions on Catholics and Puritans; converted to Catholicism on his deathbed.

Oliver Cromwell

Skilled cavalry general who led the Roundheads, took control of government, executed Charles I, and established a military dictatorship.

Glorious Revolution

A bloodless response to fears of a Catholic monarchy under James II; invited William of Orange and Mary to invade England.

English Bill of Rights

Guaranteed rights to English citizens, protected Parliament, established constitutional monarchy, and limited royal power (1689).

Absolutism in Europe

Political system where a ruler claims total power; exemplified by Louis XIV of France.

Thirty Years’ War

Devastating conflict (1618-1648) involving many European powers; resulted in significant political changes and loss of life.

Austrian Empire

Shaped by the Hapsburgs with the goal of creating a Catholic Empire from German states.

Russia-Peter the Great

Renowned for extensive reforms aimed at modernizing Russia along Western European lines.

Scientific Revolution

Began with Renaissance scholars questioning old beliefs using new technology and a focus on math and observation.

Scientific Method

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence crucial to the evolution of modern science, developed by Francis Bacon.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who advocated for absolutism and a strong monarch to prevent societal chaos.

Enlightenment

Eighteenth-century movement emphasizing reason and scientific method to improve society, starting in Europe.

Philosophe

An intellectual who seeks wisdom, particularly during the Enlightenment.

John Locke

English philosopher advocating for natural rights: life, liberty, and property; influenced modern political thought and the Enlightenment.

Montesquieu

Believed in the separation of powers, exemplified by England’s branches of government; influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Voltaire

Central Enlightenment figure advocating for religious tolerance and deism.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Champion of women's rights; argued for educational and social equality based on Enlightenment principles.

Adam Smith (laissez-faire)

Advocated for minimal government interference in the economy, discussed in 'The Wealth of Nations'.

Rousseau (Social Contract)

Philosopher who believed in a social contract where individuals are governed by the general will of the community.

Joseph II (enlightenment reforms)

Modernized the Austrian Empire by removing obstacles to reason, ending serfdom, and promoting religious toleration.

Catherine the Great (enlightenment reforms)

Drafted a legal code and expanded Russian territory while reinforcing serfdom.

Causes of the American Revolution

Factors that contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution.

American Revolution

tax raises, Stamp act

Articles of Confederation

fist consitution of the untited states, set up a weak centra gov.

Bill of Rights

Ten amendments, freedom of speech, religion, press, assemble, bear arms

Causes of the French revolution

rooted in social and economic inequality stemming from the old regime, financial crisis,

First Estate

clergy, 10% of land

Second estate

nobility, 30% of land

Third estate

peasants,middle class, 35-40% of land

National Assembly

challenged traditional power structure(majority of third estate)