Anatomy Practical 2

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

found in trachea, primary and secondary bronchi

Hyaline cartilage

forms 16 to 20 C-shaped rings that provide rigid structural support to the trachea, ensuring the airway remains open

Conchae; superior, middle, inferior

increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and to disrupt the flow of air as it

enters into the nose, causing air to bounce along the epithelium, where it is cleaned and

warmed

superior, inferior, and middle meatus

conserve water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during

exhalation.

external and internal nares

hard and soft palate

The hard palate at the anterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of bone, while the soft palate, at the posterior portion of the nasal cavity, consists of muscle tissue

uvula

move like a pendulum during swallowing, swinging upward to close off the

nasopharynx to prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal cavity

pharyngeal tonsil

the immune system’s first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens, trapping bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose

palatine tonsil

the immune system’s first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens, trapping bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose

lingual tonsil

the immune system’s first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens, trapping bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryopharynx

serves as an airway

simple squamous epithelium

found in Respiratory bronchioles

epiglottis

composed of elastic cartilage, is a plate-like structure that

closes the opening of the larynx (called the glottis) during swallowing

larynx

commonly known as the “voice box” because it is an important organ for sound

production in humans

vestibular and vocal cords of the larynx

trachea

commonly known as the “windpipe” because it extends and carries air from the larynx toward the lungs

pharyngotympatic tube

connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear cavity

Thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid cartilages

trachea; carina

triggers a strong cough reflex if foreign objects touch it and helps divide air towards the lungs

primary bronchi

secondary bronchi

tertiary broncho

superior, middle, inferior lobe of lung

alveolar duct

terminal bronchiole

small respiratory tubes with smooth muscle in their walls, no cartilage, and an inner lining of respiratory epithelium

cardiac notch

an indentation on the surface of the left lung that allows space for the heart

horizontal and oblique fissures

separate the lobes of the lungs

respiratory bronchiole

the smallest type of bronchiole, which then leads to an alveolar duct

alveolar sac

alveoli

the primary site for gas exchange

respiratory membrane

allows for gas exchange

hilus, apex, and base of lungs

visceral and parietal pleural cavity

create a frictionless, fluid-filled pleural cavity that allows for smooth lung movement

muscosa: lamina propria, epithelium, and muscularis mucosa

epithelium that is in contact with the contents in the lumen; underlying connective tissue called the lamina propria; and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae

submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

the four layers from the lower esophagus to the anal canal

duodenum

layers of small intestine are the duodenum closest to the stomach

Jejunum

middle region of the small intestine

ileum

the longest and most distal region of the small intestine

myenteric and submucosal plexus

myenteric plexus (located between muscle layers) regulates motility/peristalsis, while the submucosal plexus (located in the inner submucosal layer) regulates glandular secretion, absorption, and local blood flow

parotid salivary gland

found outside the mouth and superficial to masseter on both side

submandibular glands,

located just below the jaw

sublingual glands

located under the tongue

tonsils: lingual, palatine, and pharyngeal

act as the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogen

fundus of stomach

stores undigested food and gases

greater curvature

lesser curvature

layers of smooth muscle in the stomach

facilitates the mechanical digestion, churning, and mixing of food with gastric juices to form chyme

rugae

allow for stomach expansion

gastric pits of the stomach

small openings in the stomach lining that lead to tubular glands producing gastric juices essential for digestion

regions of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

greater omenta

covers the small intestine to protect it against damage

lesser omenta

small openings in the stomach lining that lead to tubular glands producing gastric juices essential for digestion

mesocolon

specialized, double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon (large intestine) to the posterior abdominal wall, anchoring it while providing mobility and supporting blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Ileocecal valve

cecum and vermiform appendix

ascending colon

descending colon

taenia coli and epiploic appendages

Epiploic appendages are small, fat-filled, serosa-covered pouches that project from the colon's surface, mostly bordering the taeniae libera and omentalis

haustrum

small, sac-like pouch of the large intestine (colon) created by sacculation, giving the colon its characteristic segmented appearance

rectum and anal canal

located at the bottom of the large intestine

acinar cells

islets of langerhans

hepatopancreatic ampulla

a small, spherical reservoir in the duodenal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join

sphincter of oddi

muscular valve surrounding the exit of the bile and pancreatic ducts into the small intestine, controlling digestive fluid flow

pancreatic duct

a crucial tube running through the pancreas that transports digestive enzymes to the small intestine

external anal sphincter

right lobe of liver

left lobe of liver

caudate lobe

quadrate lobe

falciform ligament

thin, sickle-shaped fold of peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm, separating the left and right lobes

gall bladder

stores bile to help digest fat

cystic duct

transporting bile into the gallbladder for storage and, upon hormonal signaling, transporting concentrated bile out toward the small intestine to aid in digestion

bile duct

carries bile between organs

liver lobules

rough six-sided arrangement of hepatocytes (lever cells), blood vessels and bile

canaliculi

portal triad

central vein

hepatocytes

kupffer cells

sinusoids

ureter

transport urine from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the urinary bladder

urinary bladder

stores urine before excretion

Urethra

tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body, functioning primarily to expel urine

kidneys

filtering waste, balancing body fluids, regulating blood pressure, and producing hormones.

detrusor muscle

enables urination by contracting to expel urine and relaxing to store it

ureteral openings

the external exit points for urine to leave the body, allowing for waste elimination from the bladder

internal and external urethral sphincters

control urine outflow (micturition) and maintain continence - internal is involuntary while external is voluntary and allows s to hold our urine in

membranous urethra

helps control urination in men

spongy urethra

Serves as the final common pathway for both urination and ejaculation

prostate and prostatic urethra

the 3–4 cm, widest segment of the male urethra that passes through the center of the prostate gland, extending from the bladder neck to the membranous urethra. It is crucial for conducting urine and semen, containing openings for ejaculatory ducts, and is surrounded by the prostate's glandular tissue

bulbourethral gland

two exocrine glands that secrete pre-ejaculation for lubrication the urethra and protects sperm

crus and bulb of penis

erectile tissue of penis

consists of three expandable, sponge-like columns—two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum—that fill with blood to produce an erection

external and internal orifice

two openings of the uterine cervix. The internal os connects the cervical canal to the uterus, while the external os connects the cervix to the vagina

trigone

smooth, triangular, and highly sensitive region at the base of the bladder, bounded by two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral meatus

seminal vesicle

a pair of accessory glands in the male reproductive system that produce approximately 70-80% of the fluid in semen

transitional epithelium in bladder

a specialized, stratified tissue lining the urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis, allowing for significant distension

cortex of kidney

this region is essential for blood filtration, producing urine, and regulating blood pressure

medulla

functions primarily to concentrate urine through a countercurrent multiplier system involving the loops of Henle and collecting ducts, which reabsorb water and electrolytes

hilum

acts as the main gateway for structures entering and leaving the kidney, including the renal artery, vein, lymphatics, nerves, and the renal pelvis