Sociology Exam Review: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Race

These flashcards cover key concepts related to deviance, social stratification, and race, based on the lecture notes.

Deviance

Behavior that violates social norms and is socially defined.

Social Control

Ways in which society regulates behavior; includes informal (peers, family) and formal (laws, police, courts) methods.

Anomie

A breakdown of social norms.

Differential Association

A theory by Sutherland suggesting that deviance is learned through interaction with others.

Labeling Theory

The idea that labels assigned to individuals can shape their identity and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

White-collar crime

Crime committed by high-status individuals in their professional lives, such as fraud.

Social Stratification

The ranking of people into layers based on social inequality.

Ascribed Status

A status that is assigned at birth.

Caste System

A stratification system where status is fixed and no mobility is allowed.

Bourgeoisie

The social class that owns the means of production.

Proletariat

The working class in Marxist theory.

Vertical Social Mobility

Movement between different social classes, either up or down.

Ethnicity

A shared culture, language, or heritage.

Prejudice

Attitudes or beliefs that are held about a group.

Discrimination

Actions taken against individuals based on their group membership.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

Stereotypes

Oversimplified and widely held beliefs about a group of people.

Color-Blind Racism

Ignoring race while still reinforcing inequality.

White Privilege

The unearned advantages that people of the dominant group receive.

Assimilation

The process by which a minority group adopts the culture of the dominant group.

Pluralism

A situation in which multiple groups coexist and maintain their identities.

Refugee

A person who flees their country due to persecution, war, or violence, seeking safety and protection in another country.

Asylee

a person who seeks refuge in another country due to persecution or danger in their own.

racial formation

how society defines race over time

functionalist Perspectives on Deviance

a sociological theory that views deviance as a natural part of society, serving to reinforce social norms and values.

interactionist Perspectives on Deviance

deviance is learned through others

conflict Perspectives on Deviance

emphasizes the role of power and inequality in defining and responding to deviance, often highlighting how marginalized groups are disproportionately labeled as deviant.

feminist Perspectives on Deviance

Focus on gender inequality in crime and deviance

esate system

a system of stratification based on land and birth

Karl Marx Theories of Stratification

society divided into two: the Bourgeoisie (owners) Proletariat (workers) conflict between classes.

Max Weber Theories of Stratification

stratification based on : class (economic), status (prestige), power (ability to influence)

functionalist Theories of Stratification

Davis and Moore

important jobs = higher reward

Conflict Theories of Stratification

ineqauliity benefits the rich and powerful

Gerhard Lenski Theories of Stratification

Stratification depends on technology and resources.

types of social mobility

vertical = up/down
horizontal = same level
intergenerational = compared to parents
intergenerational = within your lifetime

functionlist Perspectives on discrimination

discrimination may strengthen dominant group untiy

conflict Perspectives on discrimination

focus on exploitation and ineqaulity

Labeling Perspectives on discrimination

labels affect identity

Interactionist Perspectives on discrimination

focus on everyday interactions