Anatomy Exam 1

neural tube, gut tube, urogenital system, body wall, cardiovascular loop

What are the 5 principle elements of chordates?

neural arch, vertebral body, costal process vertebral foramen

what are the four basic parts of all vertebrae?

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 3-5 coccyx

what are the 32 vertebrae?

the vertebral body gets bigger going down the column, until you reach the sacrum where it changes from bigger to smaller

what is the general trend for the vertebral body?

neural arches change orientation due to the regionalized movement requirements in each segment of the column

what is the general trend for the neural arch?

the costal processes are different at each level (ex. at thoracic its actually the rib)

what is the general trend for costal processes?

primary, convex out/hunchback, thoracic and sacral

what is kyphosis and where is it in the vertebral column?

seconday, concave in/swayback, cervical and lumbar

what is lordosis and where is it in the vertebral column?

vertebral foramen

transverse process

lamina

pedicle

inferior articular facet

superior articular facet

inferior vertebral notch

between vertebrae this forms the intervertebral foramen

inferior costal facet of thoracic vertebrae

transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebrae

superior costal facet

anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament

line the front/back of vertebral body

interspinous/spinous ligament

between the spinous processes

ligamentum flavum

connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, coated in fat

intervertebral facet joints

what are these synovial joints?

intervertebral discs (anulus fibrosus, nucleus polposus)

what are the fibrous "joints" between vertebral bodies

most mobile, least weight bearing, oblique articular facets, thick IV disc, forked spinous process, *transverse foramen*

what are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

transverse foramen (artery loops through except C7)

what foramen is unique to cervical vertebrae and what is its purpose?

least mobile (of 3), thin IV disc, AF nearly vertical

what are characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

permits rotation, limits flexion/extension (volume sensitive)

what are the movement qualities of thoracic vertebrae?

rib

what is the costal process of a thoracic vertebrae?

most weightbearing, cupped AF, broad SP (muscle attachment)

what are the characteristics of a lumbar vertebrae?

limited rotation, permits flexion and extension

what are the movement qualities of a lumbar vertebrae?

mammillary body

"original" transverse process is called what on a lumbar?

vertebral bodies fused together, extra foramina (sacral), transverse processes fuse to form wings (ala/CP)

what are the characteristics of the sacrum/coccyx?

atlas

C1, no vertebral body

occipital bone, yes motion

what does atlas articulate with superiorly and what is its purpose?

dens

stolen verterbral body from atlas

axis

C2

no motion

articulation of atlas and axis

alar ligament

modification of posterior longitudinal ligament for the dens of axis

epidermis/dermis

what are the two parts of the skin?

living layer, produces glands sends down to the dermis

what is the function of the epidermis?

connective tissue, holds glands and sensory neurons

what is the function of the dermis?

superficial fascia (hypodermis)

found between skin and muscles, contains adipose tissue, allows skin to glide

deep fascia

dense connective tissue on the surface of individual muscles, forms tendons

epaxial muscles

The muscles located posterior to the spinal cord, innervated by dorsal rami

hypaxial muscles

limb and superficial back muscles, invervated by ventral rami

bilateral and unilateral flexion

function of epaxial muscles of the back

dorsal rami

innervate epaxial muscles

iliocostalis

O: sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar TP

I: angle of rib higher in the column

longissimus

O: sacrum, iliac crest, TP

I: TP up the column (till axis)

spinalis

O: lateral surface of SP

I: lateral surface of SP

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

erector spinae group

splenius

o: lateral surface of SP

i: TP, nuchal line, mastoid

downward chevron

semispinalis

o: TP

i: SP several vertebrae up the column

upward chevron

multifundus

o: sacrum, ilium, lumbar TP

i: SP at least 3 vertebrae away

Intertransversarii

o: lumbar TP

i: lumbar TP directly above

HYPAXIAL

interspinales

bridge between SPs of vertebrae

rotares

o: TP lower vertebrae

i: SP of 1 or 2 vertebrae above

levatores costarum

o: thoracic TP

i: 1 or two ribs below

a: lift rib

rectus capitis major

axis to skull, rocks head backwards

rectus capitis major and minor

rocks head backwards

oliquus capitis superior and inferior

rotate head

the embryo

the junction between the endoderm and the ectoderm become?

somites, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

three types of mesoderm

dermamyotome and sclerotome

somites differentiate into

dermatome (forming the dermis), myotome

dermamyotome differentiates into

epimere (epaxial) and hypomere (hypaxial)

what are the two forms of myotome

binds to notochord to make vertebrae

how do scleretomes develop further

partial superior sclerotome and partial inferior sclerotome fuse back together once developing neural tube punches through sclerotome and attach to myotome

why are there uneven number of spinal nerves to spinal vertebrae?

segmented spinal nerve

what is formed when developing neural tube punches through sclerotome?

dorsal ramus

what is the connection from neural tube to epimere called (innervating epaxial muscles)?

ventral ramus

what is the connection from neural tube to hypomere called (innervating hypaxial muscles)?

intermediate mesoderm

interacts with aorta to form 6 tubes that become kidneys, part of urinary system, and nongonads

somatic mesoderm, intraembryonic celom, and splanchnic mesoderm

what are the three aspects of lateral plate mesoderm

somatic mesoderm

pushed into body wall, becomes connective tissue (hypodermis), limb bones

intraembryonic celom

becomes the body cavity for internal organs, space between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

splanchnic mesoderm

becomes everything for organ other than inner lining (smooth muscle, mesentary, connective tissues, heart)

mesentery

double fold of the splanchnic mesoderm that encases gut tube and tethers it to the posterior body wall

somatic and visceral (autonomic)

subdivisions of the peripheral NS

somatic nervous system

conscious control of skeletal muscles, innervates body wall only, derived from SOMITES

somatic motor neurons

myelinated throughout, singular neuron from CNS to muscle, stimulates conscious motor function, travel down dorsal or ventral ramus

visceral nervous system

innervates unconscious part of body wall and internal organs

motor and sensory neurons

both visceral and somatic NS have

sympathetic and parasympathetic

subdivisions of the visceral nervous system

visceral motor nuerons

autonomic, always have two neurons involved, second neuron is unmyelinated

adrenal gland

what is the one exception to the two-neuron rule for visceral motor neurons

dorsal root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons with fibers growing out

sensory neurons

to viscera: follow pathways laid out by sympathetic flow

to body walls: follow pathways of segmented spinal nerve to dermatome of epaxial and hypaxial

sympathetic chain ganglia, subdiaphragmatic/preaortic, and enteric

three types of visceral motor neurons

sympathetic, turn on cardiovascular loop and body wall, right next to vertebrae

sympathetic chain ganglion

lateral horn

what triggers the sympathetic chain ganglia

myelinated and preganglionic along segmental spinal nerve

connections from lateral horn to ganglia targets are

unmyelinated along segmental spinal nerve

chain ganglia grow connections to target that are

sympathetic, turn off gut tube and urogenital system, close to aorta

subdiaphragmatic/preaortic ganglion

lateral horn

what triggers subdiaphragmatic/preaortic ganglion

unmyelinated along blood vessels to these organs

subdiaphragmatic/preaortic ganglion grow connections to target organs that are

parasympathetic, turn on urine/digestion and turns off CV loop, in organ walls

enteric ganglion

vagus nerve

enteric ganglion are triggered by

myelinated and follow esophagus down to ganglion

connections from vagus nerve to enteric ganglion are

unmyelinated and very short (since already in organ walls)

enteric ganglion grow connections to target organs that are

releasing the egg, cleavage, blastocyst, gastrula, trilaminar, folding, amnion

what are the "stages" of embryogenesis