Physiology Lab 3 Exam

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can expired after a normal expiration

Expiratory Reserce Volume

Maximum amount of air that can inspired after a normal expiration

Inspiratory Capacity

Amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration

Residual Volume

Category of pulmonary disorders in which the alveoli are normal but there is an abnormally high resistance to air flow

Obstructive disorders

An example of a disorder of obstructive disorders

Bronchitis

Asthma

A pulmonary function test for obstructive disorders

FEV

Describe Boyles Law and how inhalatiion and exhalation follow from this law

Boyles Law: the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

• Inhalation: Lung volume increases = pressure drops below atmospheric pressure = air rushes in.

  • Exhalation: Lung volume decreases = pressure rises above atmospheric pressure = air is pushed out.

Do your lungs inflate because your chest expand, or does your chest expand because your lungs inflate?

Your lungs inflate because your chest expands. Muscle contaction expands the thoracic cavity first, dropping internal pressure and forcing atmospheric air into the lungs

Which muscles are involved in quiet (normal) inhalation?

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

Which muscles are recruited for forced inhalation?

Scalenus

Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis major

HOw is quiet exhalation accomplished, and is it active or passive?

Relies on the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, which causes the thorax to return to its original, smaller volume

Which muscles contract during forced exhalation?

Internal intercostal msucles

Abdominal muscles

Which spirometry measurement indicates the volume of quiet inhalation/exhalation?

Tidal Volume TV

Which spirometry measurement indicates the extent of forced inhalation?

Inspiratory Capacity IC

Which spirometry measurement indicates the amount of air forcefully exhaled?

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Can residual volume and total lung capacity be measured directly by spirometry?

No, residual volume cannot be exhaled and because Total lung Capacity includes residual volume, it cannot by measured by spirometry either.

How do residual volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity change with age?

Residual Volume Increases

Vital Capacity decreases

Total Lung Capacity Decreases

What characterizes an obstructive pulmonary disorder, and what are its spirometry findings?

Characterized by HIgh resistance to airflow through the bronchioles

• Due to bronchoconstriction or mucus

  • FEV Normal VC bo low FEV

What characterizes a restrictive pulmonary disorder, and what are its spirometry findings?

Damage to the alveoli/ lung tissue preventing expansion

• Reduced VC, but FEV may be normal

Respiration

Process of breathing

The transport via blood of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissue

Ventilation

breathing the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Alveoli

Air sacs in the lungs

Diaphragm

Dome shaped msucle that divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Contracts to allow inspiration, relaxes to allow expiration

Inspiration

Process of atmoshperic gas entering the lungs

Expiration

Process of expelling air from the lungs

Forced expiratory volume

The percentage of vital capacity exhaled during a 1 second period of the FVC test

Inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond the tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs beyond the tidal volume

Tidal Volume

the volume of a normal breath

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily moved in and out of the lungs

Partial Pressure

The proportion of pressure that a single gas exerts within a mixture

Forced Vital Capacity FVC

The amount of air t hat can be expelled completely and rapidly as possible after a maximum inspiration

Residual Volume

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

Total lung capacity

Vital capacity plus residual volume

Emphysema is a lung problem that cause?

Decrease in tidal volume

How do you calculate minute respiratory volume?

Multiply tidal volume by breaths per minute

What was the effect of reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes?

Respiratory volumes decreased

What is the role of surfactant in respiration?

Surfactant decreases the surface tension of water in fluid that lines the wall of the alveoli, preventing the alveoli from collapsing

What would happen if surfactant were not present?

Alveoli would collapse, and respiration could not occur

What happens in pneumothorax?

In pneumothorax, the intrathoracic pressure equalizes with atmospheric presure, collapsing the lungs

Why is it important that intrathoracic pressure be kept lower than atmospheric pressure?

An equalization of intrathoracic pressure with atmospheric pressure would collapse the lungs

What happens to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood during rapid breathing?

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases

pH

Term used to denote hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids

Substance that releases H in solution

Acid

Base

Substances that binds to H in solution

Acidosis

Condition in which the human body pH levels fall below 7.35

Alkalosis

Condition in which the human body pH levels rise above 7.45

Carboni dioxide

Mixes with water in the blood to form carbonic acid

NOrmal range of pH levels of blood and tissue fluids in the human body

7.35-7.45

What is the difference between strong acid and weak acid?

A strong acid dissociates completely in solution, releasing all of its hydrogen ions

A weak acid dissociates incompletely and does not release all of its hydrogen ions

What is the difference between a strong base and weak base?

A strong base has a tendency to bind to H, a weak base binds less of the H

What are the bodys two major physiological buffer systems for compensating for acid base imbalances?

The renal system and the respiratory system

Starch is partially digested intoo maltose by the action of

Amylase

The enzyme in gastric juice that partially digest protein is blank, this enzyme has a pH optimum of

Pepsin

2.0

Which food group-carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins- is not digested significantly until it reaches the small intestine

Lipids

Bile is produced by the blank and stored in the blank

Liver hepatocytes

Gall Bladder

What is the function of bile salts?

Emulsify lipids

The particles consisting of a combination of tryglcerides and protein, secreted by intestinal epithelial cells into the central lacteals of the villi, are called

Chylomicrons

Digestive tract

Gi tract

Accessory glands

Glands that secrete enzymes and or fluids needed for digestion

Digestion

The process of breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules with the aid of enzymes in the digestive tract

Hydrolase

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of water to molecules in order to break them down

Salivary amylase

A digestive enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch and glycogen

Bile salts

a cholesterol derivative that helps emulsify lipids to assist digestion

Pepsin

a digestive enzyme that breaks down protein

Lipase

A digestive enzyme that aids in the digestion of lipids

List 2 factors that play key roles in the efficacy of digestive enzymes, and explain their effects

Temperature: boiling an enzyme will denature it, however freezing has no effect after incubation

pH level: too high or too low a pH level will disrupt enzyme efficacy

incubation time: digestive enzymes must be given sufficient time to work

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

To ingest food

Break down food to its simiplest components

Extract nutrients from these components for absorption into the body, and expel waste

What does it mean for an enzyme to be substrate specific?

It means that enzymes work on some substances but not others

What are the three primary categories into which food molecules fall?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates are broken down into

Monosaccharides

Proteins are broken down into

Amino acids

Lipids are broken down into

Fatty acids and monoglycerides

Why do lipids pose special problems for digestion?

They are not water soluble

What is meants by hydrolysis?

Hydrolysis is the process of adding water to a molecule in order to break it down into subunits

Carbohydrates

Amylase

Lipds

Lipase

Proteins

Pepsin

What was optimal pH salivary amylase?

7.0

Compare the effects of boiling and freezing on enzyme activity

Boiling denature an enzymes; freezing has no effect once the enzyme thaws

Was salivary amylase able to digest cellulose?

No

What was the effect of bacteria on cellulose digestion?

Bacteria was able to digest the cellulose

Where is pepsin secreted

From stomach glands

What was the optimal pH for pepsin?

any pH less than 3.0; in these experiments pH 2.0

Where is lipase secreted?

From pancreatic juice

What was the optimal pH for lipase?

7.0

What was the effect of bile salts on lipid digestion?

Bile salts allowed for the vegetable oil to form smaller droplets, increasing the surface area on which lipase could work and aiding in digestion

Give some examples of physical processes of digestion

Chewing,

Swallowing

Peristalsis

Segmentation