CSB520 - Mid Sem Exam

What is the correct name for a malignant glandular epithelial tumour?

Adenocarcinoma

What is the correct name for a malignant connective tissue tumour that started in a bone cell?

Osteosarcoma

What is the correct name for a malignant epithelial tumour growing with finger-like projections?

Papillocarcinoma

What is the correct name for a malignant tumour that started in lymphoid tissue?

Lymphoma

What is the correct name for a malignant tumour that started in a stem cell in the bone marrow, a haematopoietic cell?

Leukaemia

What is the correct name for a benign tumour that started in glandular epithelial cell & is growing as a collection of fluid-filled sacks?

Cystadenoma

List one clinically significant difference between benign & malignant tumours

Benign - do not metastasise and are encapsulated

Malignant - metastasise and are invasive (not encaspulated)

What are TWO cellular adaptations that increase the risk of tumour development?

metaplasia and hyperplasia

What are 3 ways in which cancers can spread?

blood, lymph and direct seeding

What is the correct term for this spread from the primary site to distant sites?

metastasize

List 2 reasons why carcinomas are the most common type of cancer.

- Epithelial cells are stable or labile

- Epithelial cells are on the front-line

What form of cell death induces inflammation?

necrosis

Following a myocardial infarction what type of inflammation and repair occurs?

Inflammation = Acute

Repair = Organisation

What are the 3 features/components of acute inflammation?

hypereamia

oedema

neutrophils

What are the 3 features/components of chronic inflammation?

ongoing injury

repeat attempts at repair

lymphocytes

What are the 3 features/components of granulation tissue?

fibroblasts

angiogenesis

macrophages

What are the 3 ways in which we get chronic inflammation?

unresolved acute inflammation

repeated acute inflammation

special cases

What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

resolution (healing without scarring)

organisation

chronic inflammation

What is the term given for when the immune system targets something normal in our bodies?

autoimmune disease

What is the term for when the immune system over-reacts to something?

hypersensitivity response

What is the correct term for immature scar tissue?

granulation tissue

What is the mature scar tissue made out of (apart from in the brain)?

collagen protein (brain = glial cells)

5 Cardinal signs of Acute Inflammation?

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

3 microscopic feautures of acute inflammation?

hypereamia, oedema and recruitments of neutrophils

Under what circumstances does granular tissue occur?

- acute inflammation that heals through organisation

- always present in chronic inflammation due to repeated attempts at repair

What form of cell death induces inflammation?

necrosis

thrombus

blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel/ventricle

Embolus

Anything undissolved travelling in the blood

Aneurysm

An abnormal, localised, dilatation (ballooning out) of an artery or ventricle

Atheroma

a sclerotic plaque representing an area of chronic inflammation within the wall of an artery

Transudate

low protein oedema/effusion caused by increased hydrostatic pressure &/or reduced colloidal pressure

What are the two risk factors for the development of a venous thrombus?

stasis and hypercoagulability

List 4 risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis

increasing age, male, systemic hypertension and diabetes

How could atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta lead to our sudden death?

Predisposes to the formation of an aneurysm which if it ruptures kills us quickly.

A thrombus in the femoral vein that embolises is likely to end up where?

Lungs

A thrombus in the Iliac vein that embolises is likely to end up where?

lungs

Atherosclerosis is which vessels could lead to a stroke?

cerebral or carotid arteries

Atherosclerosis is which vessels could lead to a myocardial infarction?

coronary arteries

Atherosclerosis is which vessels could lead to cerebral atrophy?

Cerebral or carotid arteries

List 2 causes of LSHF

ischemic heart disease

valve disease

systemic hypertension

List causes of RSHF

LSHF

valve disease

pulmonary hypertension

Forward effect of heart failure

decreased cardiac output =activation of RAAS by kidneys

angiotensin 2 = vasoconstriction

aldosterone release = kidney retain more salt and water = increase blood volume

Backwards effects of LSHF

pulmonary congestion

oedema in lungs

difficulty breathing

wet cough

Backwards effects of RSHF

pulmonary congestion

oedema in venous system

swollen legs

What symptoms would a patient with right-sided heart failure exhibit

Severe swelling of the lower limbs, ascites & distended jugular vein

What symptoms would a patient with left-sided heart failure exhibit?

Difficulty breathing when lying down

Coughing up blood tinged fluid

Valve stenosis

valve no longer opens

valve insufficiency/incompetence

valve fails to fully close

What is endocaditis

inflammation of inner lining of heart

What is pericarditis

inflammation of the sac around the heart

What is carditis

inflammation of the heart

Which organ(s) are at risk of damage in a patient with right-sided heart failure

Organs with a large outflow into the inferior vena cava typically the liver & kidneys

Which organ(s) are at risk of damage in a patient with left-sided heart failure?

Lungs, from the chronic congestion and hemorrhaging; right side of the heart due to pulmonary hypertension

What is the most common cancer found in the lungs?

Secondary or metastatic cancer

Which 2 cellular adaptations precede the development of the majority of (primary) lung cancers?

hyperplasia and metaplasia

If mutations occur to a proliferating goblet cell, what cancer could it form?

Adenocarcinoma

What are the innate defenses of the respiratory system

cilia

mucus

macrophages

cough

List 2 conditions that can reduce the innate defences of the respiratory system

smoking

asthma

cystic fibrosis

In pneumoconiosis does the lung heal through organisation or resolution?

organisation

What type of inflammation is observed in pneumoconiosis?

chronic inflammation

What is the criteria that you have to meet in order to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis?

Persistent productive cough that lasts for at least 3 months in at least 2 years

What is the definition of emphysema?

Irreversible & progressive destruction of alveolar walls

What is the definition of bronchiectasis?

Irreversible progressive dilatation of bronchi & bronchioles

List possible causes of pulmonary congestion?

left ventricular failure

pulmonary emboli

obstruction of vessels within lungs

primary or secondary tumours

scar tissue

Pulmonary congestion leads to hypertrophy of which ventricle?

Pulmonary congestion leads to pulmonary hypertension & therefore the right ventricle will work harder & thus hypertrophy

pulmonary congestion is a consequence of

left ventricular failure

atrophy

decrease in cell size and number

autophagy

cell shrinkage by self digestion

apoptosis

programmed cell death

necrosis

unprogrammed cell death

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

hyperplasia

increase in cell number

metaplasia

conversion of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type

neoplasia

abnormal or excessive cell growth

Tumour

mass of abnormal and excessive growth of cells

dysplasia

cells of abnormal genotype and phenotype

metastasis

invasion or spread of cancer from primary to secondary site

risk factors for mutation

direct damage

exposure to carcinogens

virus

Early detection =

early diagnosis

early treatment

hypereamia

active increase in blood flow to area

oedema

excess fluid in interstitial layer

effusion

excess fluid in body cavity

infarction

area of necrosis

haemopeoiesis

formation of red blood cells (main site is bone marrow)

congestion

passive build up of blood in a vessel (increased hydrostatic pressure)

haemorrhage

loss of blood

hypovolemic shock

shock resulting from blood loss >20%

ischemia

lack of blood supply

hypoxia

lack of oxygen

angina

transient ischemia (blood supply restored to tissue before necrosis)

heart attack

severe ischemia (necrosis)

common primary lung cancers

squamous cell carcinoma

adenocarcinoma