are recorded materials which are evidence-based and collected from systematic observations for analysis
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Information
is processed data which forms meaningful context making it useful for research.
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quantitative data collection
according to Walliman (2011) this practices include administering quantitative surveys, quantitative observations, and various types of experiments.
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Quantitative Survey
Makes use of questionnaires that contain closed-ended questions with given answers for the respondents to choose from
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Quantitative Interview
Makes use of standardized questions and structured interview formats. These interviews may take the forms of face-to-face interviews, telephone calls, or web-based interviews
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Quantitative Observation
Involves following a structured procedure in observation to acquire reliable information for analysis.
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Quantitative Observation
It involves the standardization of observed elements, which are put into numerical contexts making them measurable and quantifiable in nature.
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Experiment
Involves manipulation of variables that test hypotheses under conditions which may be controlled or not.
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Experiment
It takes the form of laboratory or field experiments.
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Summarizing data
is one of the major steps to be done before data analysis and interpretation.
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Summarizing data
It involves organizing and processing the raw data in preparation for conclusions and interpretations.
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Textual summary
is summarizing through combining narrative forms and figures that support the data presented.
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Tabular summary
makes use of tables consisting of rows and columns with headings and subheadings that represent the different variables represented by figures.
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Graphical summary
makes use of visual tools such as graphs, charts, or figures which makes relationships of variables be easily identified.
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Data Preparation
The researcher collates all the raw data gathered
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Data Preparation
It primarily involves the process of aligning the data with the research questions of the research.
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Data coding
is the process of transforming the collected data into numerical form which are commonly encountered in using surveys and interviews.
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Data Processing and Encoding
The researcher may use different computer software, specifically statistical software, to encode and process data with a large scale of samples.
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Data Validation
This involves rechecking all the data encoded and processed to validate and correct errors.
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Data Presentation
The researcher summarizes the data through the use of the different forms of data summaries in quantitative research
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Tabular presentations
may be in the form of raw data tables and analytic tables
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raw data tables
serves as records of information and are usually constructed in the process of summarizing data
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analytical tables
are constructed during or after the analysis of raw data
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analytical tables
these tables are used for the narrative interpretation of the results
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graphical presentation
may show patterns, shapes, and relationships between the data and the variables
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Pie Chart
each division is used to represent the parts of a whole equal to 100%. it is usually used in presenting nominal types of data
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Bar Chart
typically used to compare values and levels of data. It is usually used for nominal and ordinal types of data
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Histogram
represents the distribution of data given a certain range. It is mostly used for interval and ratio types of data
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Frequency Polygon
presents trends and patterns in data.
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Frequency Polygon
Makes use of midpoints to represent values and frequencies connected by lines
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Tabular presentations
presents data mainly in rows and columns wherein each represent the variables measured
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