Human A&P I Lecture

Anatomy

Study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

____ is always related to ____

structure, function

Movement

Change in position: motion

Responsiveness

Reaction to a change (internal/ external)

Growth

Increase in number and size of cells

Reproduction

Production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration

Exchange of gasses-obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide: releasing energy from foods

Digestion

Breakdown fo food substances

Absorption

Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation

Movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation

Changing of absorbed substances into different substances

Excretion

Removal of wastes

Conductivity

Capacity of living cells and tissues to selectively transmit or propagate a wave of excitation from one point to another

Secretion

Production and delivery of specialized substances for diverse body functions

Metabolism

sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body

Anabolic

Building complex molecule from simple substances (forming polysaccharides, repairing cells)

Catabolic

Breakdown of complex substances (digestion)

_____

Food

Oxygen
Heat

Pressure

Requirements for Organisms

Water

_____

Oxygen
Heat

Pressure

Requirements for Organisms

Water

Food

_____
Heat

Pressure

Requirements for Organisms

Water

Food

Oxygen
_____

Pressure

Requirements for Organisms

Water

Food

Oxygen
Heat

_____

Requirements for Organisms

Water

Most abundant substance in body

Required for metabolic processes

Required for transport

Regulates body temperature

Food

Supplies energy

Supplies raw materials

Oxygen

Cellular Respiration

Heat

Formation of energy

Partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure (Breathing)

Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Flow)

Homeostasis

Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

Negative feedback

Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback

Negative Feedback

Oppose change/ Inhibition

Positive Feedback

Amplifies change / Excites

Receptors (Homeostatic Mechanism)

Provide information (sensory)

Control Center (Homeostatic Mechanism)

Tells what a particular value should be (set point)

Effectors (Homeostatic Mechanisms)

Causes responses to change internal environment

Axial Portion

Head

Neck

Trunk

Appendicular Portion

Arms

Legs

Dorsal Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Diaphram

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Diaphram

Seperates thoracic and abdomen

Visceral Membrane

Covers an internal organ

Parietal Membrane

Lines a body cavity

Serous Membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body, secretes fluid for lubrication

Pleural Membrane

Encloses the lungs

Pericardial Membrane

Encloses the heart

Peritoneal Membrane

Lines abdominal cavity and encloses abdominal viscera

Anatomical Position

Body erect, facing forward, upper limbs on the sides, palms facing forward

Bilateral Symmetry

Right & Left sides of the body are mirror images

Somatotype

A particular category of body build or physique

Endomorph

Heavy, rounded physique with large accumulations of fat in trunk and thighs

Mesomorph

Muscular physique

Ectomorph

Thin, fragile physique with little body fat

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has weight; composed of elements

Elements

Composed of chemically identical atoms

Bulk Elements

Required by the body in large amounts

Trace Elements

Required by the body in small amounts

Atoms

Smallest particle of an element

___ elements founds in the human body

26

Major

11 ___ elements - found in quantities greater than 0.1%

Trace

15 ___ elements - found in quantities of less than 0.1%

Atoms

Composed of subatomic particles

Protons

Carry a positive charge

Neutrons

Carry no electrical charge

Electrons

Carry a negative charge

Nucleus

Central part of atom

Composed of protons and neutrons

Electrons move around the nucleus

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom

Each elements has unique atomic number

Equals the number of electrons in the atom

Atomic Weight

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom

Electrons do not contribute to the weight of the atoms

Isotopes

Atoms of an element that have the are atomic numbers, but different atomic weights

Molecules

Particles formed when two or more atoms chemically combine

Compound

Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

Molecular Formulas

Depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule

Ion

An atom that has gained or lost an electron

An electrically charged atom

Cation

A positively charged ion

Formed when an atom loses an electron

Anion

A negatively charged atom

Formed when an atom gains an electron

Ionic Bond

An attraction between a cation and an anion

Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom

Covalent Bond

Formed when atoms share electrons

Single

Hydrogen atoms form ___ bonds

Double

Oxygen atoms form ___ bonds

Triple

Nitrogen atoms form ___ bonds

Four

Carbon atoms form ___ bonds

Synthesis Reaction

Chemical bonds are formed

A + B = AB

Decomposition Reaction

Chemical bonds are broken

AB = A + B

Exchange Reaction

Chemical bonds are broken and formed

AB + CD = AD + CB

Reversible Reaction

The products can change back to the reactants

A + B = AB