Chapter 12 The American Pageant "Second war for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism"

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

Historical Significance: US maintains control of New Orleans and the Mississippi; Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the war of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Historical Significance: America begins to focus on national unity and building up industry, countries will begin to respect American diplommats

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interests in Congress and in the White House. 1. Discussed secession, 2. financial compensation, 3. one term President, and 4. wanted the President to not come from the same state back back (wanted to end the Virginia Dynasty)

Historical Significance: Federalist party will lose political power

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval agreements in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S. Canadian border, completed in the 1870's.

Historical Significance: US and Canada have the longest undefended border

Tariff of 1816

First protected tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufactures from the inflow of British goods after the war of 1812.

Historical Significance: manufacturers begin to rely on protective tariffs

Henry Clay

Best known for promoting his nationalistic "American System" of protective tariffs for eastern manufactures and federally financed canals and highways to benefit the West.

Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824)

popular name for the period of one-party Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank.

panic of 1819

severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the west. sowing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy.

Land Act of 1820

fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the panic of 1819.

Historical Significance: increased movement west

Tallmadge Amendment

failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri Territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Historical Significance: leads to the Missouri Compromise

peculiar institution

widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use int he first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Historical Significance: leads to Civil War

Missouri Compromise (1820)

allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36"30'

Historical Significance: fails to prevent secession and the debate over slave vs. free states entering the Union

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

also known as Florida Purchase Treaty, under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and the two nations agreed on the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain retained the territory from Texas to California while abandoning its claims to the Oregon.

Historical Significance: more defined border between the US and Spain

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

statement delivered by president James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The united States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin America Markets.

Historical Significance: America focuses on their own affairs, European powers do not break the Monroe Doctrine

Russo-American Treaty (1824)

fixed the line of 54"40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

involved an attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes. John Marshall declared the U.S. Bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. He strengthened federal authority when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank.

Historical Significance: increase in the power of the Federal government

Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)

involved the Cohens appealing to the Supreme Court after being found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets in Virginia. Virginia won and the conviction was withheld, but the ruling further cemented the powers of the federal government.

Historical Significance: increase in the power of the Federal government

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

came up when New York tried to give a private company a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. (Meaning that no other company could use the waterway.) New York lost.

Historical Significance: increase in the power of the Federal government

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

The Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres to private speculators; the next legislature cancelled the bribery-induced transaction. John Marshall let the state give the acres to the private speculators calling it a contract and constitutional. The decision protected property rights against popular pressures.

Historical Significance: increase in the power of the Federal government

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

Dartmouth College was given a charter by King George III but New Hampshire wanted to take it away. John Marshall ruled in favor of the college.

Historical Significance: increase in the power of the Federal government

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Spain ceded Florida and Spanish claims to Oregon in exchange for America's claims to Texas.

The Menace of Monarchy in America

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

Historical Significance: America fears European leaders will attempt to restore the newly independent states in Latin America back to Spain. Challenging the ideal of democracy and the republic; and threatening the US.

The United States will react with the Monroe Doctrine

The American System, 1815

Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay: national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements

Historical Significance:

An example of the new nationalism after the War of 1812

The system will increase American Manufacturing, help to increase loans which will also eventually lead to the Panic of 1819, increase infrastructure, and state to state trade

loose construction

belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit if it helps the government do its job

Historical Significance:

Marshall defined it with McCulloch v Maryland

He believed the Constitution derived power from the people; people permit the government to act on their behalf

Constitution was meant to endure through the ages

Spirit of the Constitution is constitutional

Anglo-American Convention

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Historical Significance:

Established short term peace with Britain

Isaac Brock

British general known for his brilliant defensive tactics, captured Detroit in the War of 1812. Killed by American sharpshooters at the Battle of Queenston Heights.

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Thomas Macdonough

A commander of an American fleet on Lake Champlain that fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses; the Americans were nearly defeated, but his nifty techniques forced the British to retreat; this heroic naval battle saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution.

Francis Scott Key

A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing The Star Spangled Banner what became the national anthem

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

George Canning

British foreign secretary circa 1823 He wanted America to join Britain in a declaration - wanted the protection of the Latin America states. Keep other European countries out of the western Hemisphere. John Adams thought it was best the U.S. make the declaration. It became the Monroe Doctrine.