TEAS Mitosis, mieosis, and gamete production

Prophase

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, uncles and nuclear membrane break down, biotic spindle begins to form

Metaphase

The spindle slings the chromosomes along the metaphase plate in the center

Anaphase

sister chromatids are split to centromeres and are pulled towards the opposite poles

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms around set chromosomes, nucleolus forms new nucleus, the biotic spindle is broken down and cytokinesis begins

Cytokenisis

the final physical division of a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm into two distinct daughter cell

Quiescent state

is a reversible, non-dividing phase known as \(G_{0}\) where cells exit the active cell cycle, stop dividing, and reduce metabolism. It allows cells to persist, protect against damaged tissue, and re-enter proliferation upon stimulation.

Senescence

a stable, irreversible arrest of the cell cycle where damaged or aged cells stop dividing but do not die

G0

a resting or quiescent state outside the replicative cell cycle where cells are not dividing or preparing to divide. It is a metabolic active state that cells enter from the G1 checkpoint, either temporarily (reversible) to conserve resources or permanently (terminal) for specialized functions.

G1

First phase of interphase that begins after cell division that copies DNA and organelles.

G1 produces?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA along with enzymes involved with producing DNA.

G1 phase last for?

6-12 hrs it’s considered the longest phase

S phase

falls between G1 and G2 of interphase, doubles and replicates DNA. chromosomes numbers remain the same and don’t surpass 46. protein and transcription are inhibited while genome and centrosomes are duplicated

S phase last for?

6-8 hours

G2 phase

final part of interphase, continues replication of organelles and protein synthesis, centromeres from S phase become mature as microtubules become more organized and centrolies elongate.

G2 checkpoint

If any errors are detected in duplication of chromosomes, the cell cycle is arrested until DNA can be repaired and imperial damage will either enter the state of senescence or be eliminated through program sale death

G2 phase last for

3-4 hours

M phase

Cytokinesis and mitosis together make up this phase of the cell cycle. There's no growth during this phase and normal metabolic functions are inhibited the cell devote this process to the division of the cells which triggers the following responses of prophase metaphase, anaphase, and telophase until the cells reached cytokinesis to split.

M phase last for?

Approximately 1 to 2 hours is considered the shortest phase in the cell cycle

Growth arrest

Cells can be halted in response to singles for both inside and outside of the cell Carlo can't be due to crowded areas, physical restraints, and it could also occur in conditions of oxygen stress, infection, depleted levels of nutrients or growth factors

What type of cells are halted from growth?

any cells with damage, incomplete replication of DNA, chromosomes that are not properly aligned of the midline of the cell during mitosis are arrested before the divide are checked by boarding proteins. if the process can be corrected, it'll be allowed to progress, but if there's too much damage either remain in arrest state permanently or undergo aptosis

Gametogenesis

the biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells divide and differentiate to form mature haploid gametes (sperm or eggs). It involves meiosis to halve the chromosome number, ensuring that fertilization restores the proper diploid number.

acrosomes

head of sperm

The tip of the sperm head is the portion called the acrosome, which enables the sperm to penetrate the egg.

flagellum

is a specialized, roughly \(50\text{–}60\ \mu\text{m}\) long, motile organelle crucial for male fertility. It beats rhythmically to propel sperm through the female reproductive tract. Composed of a central axoneme, midpiece, and fibrous sheath, it acts as a molecular motor, generating asymmetrical, hyperactivated movements needed to penetrate the egg

axoneme

the core motile structure of the sperm flagellum (tail), composed of a highly conserved "9+2" microtubule arrangement—nine outer doublet microtubules surrounding two central singlet microtubules. It functions as the engine for sperm movement, with dynein motor proteins using ATP to generate the bending motion

avail filament sperm

(axoneme) is the core structural component of the sperm tail, formed by the distal centriole, responsible for propulsion.

mitochondria of the sperm

The paternal mitochondria and mtDNA are then rapidly degraded early in the embryogenesis.

mid piece of sperm

the section between the head and the tail, acting as the engine room that provides energy for movement. It contains a dense helix of mitochondria that produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to fuel the flagellum's, or tail's, movement towards the egg.