Psych 230 Exam 3 Iowa State University

Attachment

-Bond that develops between a child and another person characterized by mutal affection and physical desire to be close

-established between 6-9 months

Ethological Theory of Attachment

-John Bowlby in 1969

- Attachment is initiated by pre-programming behaviors

-maintained by environmental events

Phases of Attachment

4 Phases:

-Pre-attachment

-Attachment in making

-clear cut

-Goal Corrected system

Pre-attachment

birth- 6 weeks

Attachment in making

6 weeks to 6 months

Clear-cut attachment time period

6 months- 3 years

Goal-corrected system

3 years and up

Secure attachment

-more sociable

-makes friends easier

-better problem solving abilities

-handle changes easily

-sustain attention and activity on tasks

Insecure attachment

-Less interested in socializing

-more likely to be rejected by peers

-more trouble with authority

-more upset by changes in environment

Primary attachment styles

-secure attachment

-avoidant attachment

-resistant/ambivalent attachment

-Disorganized attachment

Western Culture Death

-moving on to an eternal reward

-ceasing to exist

South Pacific Cultures Death

-Similar to sleep and illness because they view our life force as leaving body in each state

Childhood view of death

-Preschoolers:Death is temporary and magical

-School agers: Death is permanent, universal, and a loss of all biological functions

Shift in thought is probably due to a shift from pre-operations to concrete operations

Adolescents' view of death

_Cognitively they can understand like adults

-Often may not want to discuss death or their feelings about it

-Doesn't feel death is relevant to them

-May be more interested in quality of life

Young adults' view of life

-Focused on careers,family, and achieving personal goals so see's death as unfair and a cheat

-May begin to see death as more relevant

Middle age view of death

-most confront mortality head-on

-Our parents might be dying

-Sense of time changes

Late adulthood View of Death

-more accepting/ less anxious

-may look back on a long life

-joy of life may diminish which may cause them to be more 'ready' for death

Kubler-Ross' Phases of Grief

-Denial

-Anger

-Bargaining

-Depression

-Acceptance

Emotional Development in infants

-1st emotion=distress

-begin to see anger in 4-7 months

-1st days of life: See half smile

-By 6 weeks see a social smile

-by 3-4 months see laughter

Emotional development in toddlers

-anger intensifies by age 2

-toddlers get better and emotional regulation aka handling emotions

-smiling and laughter become more selective by 12 months of age

Development of self-awareness

-before age 1 most infants do not have a sense of me vs. you

-by 15-24 months most kids recognize themselves as separate

self-awareness and self-consciousness

if self awareness is present you see embarrassment, guilt, pride at an action

Development of personality

-nurture theories

Learning theories

Psychoanalytic theories

-Nature: Temperament

temperament

-basic dispositions that lead to consistent patterns in an infants behavior

-styles established by 2-3 months

-changes depending on the environment

trait approach to personality

-a person's personality is locating them on a dimension

-behavior is caused by their traits

-traits are assumed to be stable across time and across different situations

-it is assumed that the same group of traits can describe everyone's behavior

Current Trait Theory

Costa and McRae's model: The BIG FIVE

"OCEAN"

-Openness

-Conscientiousness

-Extroversion

-Agreeableness

-Neuroticism

nuclear Family

mom dad and kids

Single parent kids

Usually mom and kids

Reconstituted/ blended family

-stepparents, stepkids, 1/2 siblings

Same sex families

self explanatory

Childrens affect on parents

-can bring joy

-can bring stress(financial, parents' sleep, time,temperament)

Parents affect on children

-parental warmth

-parental control

parental warmth

how affectionate and involved a parent is

parental control

how controlling and demanding a parent is

4 parenting styles

-Authoritarian (autocratic)

-Permissive

-Rejecting-neglecting (Hands-off)

-Authoritative (democratic)

Auhtoritarian Characteristics

-strict

-no explanation of rules and consequences

-use forceful,punitive methods to curb behavior

Authoritarian Effects on Child

-Wants to be told what to do

-may distrust feelings

-may be very compliant

-rebellious may be

-low creativity

-moody

-vulnerable to stress

Permissive characteristics

-accepting of child's desires and behaviors

-Child part of decisions

-child expected to regulate own behavior

-parent lets children do what they want

Permissive effects on children

-may take care of parents

-may be insecure

-may be angry

-may be confused

-difficulty with limits

-low social responsibility

Rejecting-neglecting effects on children

-low self esteem

-confusion

-unworthy of love

-may act out in attempts to get attention

-high risk for abuse

when do babies smile at other babies?

between 2-3 months

play types seen between ages 2-5 years

-onlooker play

-solitary play

-parallel play

-associative play

-cooperative play

Preschoolers with imaginary friends...

-have more real friends

-do more pretend play in general

-can tell the difference between real and fake

phase 1 of friendship development

ages 4-7 years

-friends who play together

Phase 2 of friendship development

ages 8-10

-trust and helping each other is important

phase 3 of friendship development

ages 11 and up

-loyalty and intimacy are important

Rejected children

-disliked by most classmates

Controversial Children

-both like and disliked by most classmates

Neglected children

-Ignored by most classmates

sex-role identity

-we perceive ourselves as being more or less masculine or feminine in how we behave

sex roles develop through 3 theories

-social learning theory

-cognitive development theory

-Gender Schema Theory

Gender Schema theory

-children learn sex-typed behaviors through social learning

-organize these experiences into gender schemas that they use to interpret the world

Parental roles

-caregivers

-Managers

-Monitors

-Social initiators

What biochemical is released when a person is attracted to someone?

-phenylethylamine (PEA)

-Discovered by Gray in 1993

Passion

-physiological desire

Intimacy

-Sharing thoughts and actions

Commitment

-willingness to stay through bad times

liking

intimacy w/low commitment and passion

Infatuation

-passions w/low intimacy and commitment

Empty love

-commitment w/low passion and intimacy

Romantic Love

-passion and intimacy w/low commitment

Fatuous love

-passion and commitment w/ low intimacy

Companionate love

-intimacy and commitment w/low passion

Consummate love

-all three components present

-longest lasting love

Reasons for change of marriage rates

-change in attitude towards single status

- Prolonged career preparation

-pre-marital sex seen as more acceptable

-Career aspiration of women

Physical abuse

-Intentional activity that inflicts injury or impairment to functioning

Sexual Abuse

-Exploitation of a child for gratification or profit of an adult

Neglect

-Deprivation of necessary and availiable resources that creates risk of impairment

Psychological or emotional abuse

-Willful destruction of a child's sense of competence

How common is it for sexual abuse to occur with someone the child knows?

85%-90% of sex abuse involves someone the child knows and trusts

Sex abuse is typically planned out

true.

Most sex offenders don't use violence. what do they use?

-threats

-Power

-Bribes

Factors that contribute to child abuse:

-parenting styles

-cultural factors

-socially isolated families

-mental illness

-history of abuse

-families where violence is already a noticed pattern

Children at higher risk for child abuse

-premature children

-children with poor health

-Kids born to adolescent children

-Difficult to soothe children

-Children who missed parental contact during 1st few months of life

Synchrony

-a co-ordinated interaction between caregiver and infant, who respond to each other with split-second timing.

Attunement

-how reactive a person is to another's emotional needs and moods. A person who is well attuned will respond with appropriate language and behaviors based on another person's emotional state.