Fluid and Electrolytes Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering fluid compartments, electrolyte imbalances, acid-base balance (ABGs), and IV therapy solutions based on the lecture material.

Hyponatremia

A sodium level of $< 135\,mEq/L$ characterized by neurological symptoms, muscle cramps, confusion, and potential seizures or coma. Causes: Excessive fluid intake, certain medications, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and SIADH. Treatments: Fluid restriction, sodium replacement, or medication adjustments.

Hypernatremia

A sodium level of $> 145\,mEq/L$ characterized by thirst, dry tongue, agitation, and postural hypotension. Causes: Inadequate fluid intake, excessive water loss, diabetes insipidus, and hypertonic saline infusion. Treatments: Gradual fluid replacement, correction of underlying causes, and careful monitoring.

Hypokalemia

A potassium level of $< 3.5\,mEq/L$ manifesting as muscle weakness, cramps, paresthesias (pins and needles), and dysrhythmias. Causes: Diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, and inadequate dietary potassium. Treatments: Potassium supplementation, dietary potassium increase, and IV potassium if severe.

Hyperkalemia

A potassium level of $> 5\,mEq/L$ manifesting as abdominal cramps, weakness, cardiac arrest, bradycardia, and hypotension. Causes: Kidney failure, excessive potassium supplementation, ACE inhibitors, and tissue breakdown. Treatments: Calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, diuretics, or dialysis in severe cases.

Hypomagnesemia

A magnesium level of $< 1.8\,mg/dL$ characterized by CNS irritability, hyperactive reflexes, and dysrhythmias. Causes: Malabsorption, chronic alcoholism, and diuretics. Treatments: Magnesium supplementation and addressing the underlying cause.

Hypermagnesemia

A magnesium level of $> 2.6\,mg/dL$ often caused by kidney injury, manifesting as lethargy, decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), and respiratory or cardiac arrest. Causes: Renal failure, excessive antacid use, and lithium. Treatments: IV fluids, diuretics, and hemodialysis in severe cases.