1) animal studies

What was the procedure of Lorenz (1952) experiment?

He randomly divided a large clutch of goose eggs. Half of the eggs were hatched with their mother goose in their natural environment and the other half was hatched in an incubator where the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz

What were the findings of Lorenz experiment?

The incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere whereas the control group followed their mother. This contained even when the two groups were mixed together

What is imprinting?

An innate readiness for survival whereby bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first moving thing they see

When is the critical period for goose?

13-16 hours

What is sexual imprinting? What did Lorenz discover?

Bird who imprinted on humans would later show courtship behaviour towards human

What is the procedure of Harlow’s (1958) experiment?

Harlow tested the idea that soft object serve some of the function of a mother. He reared 16 baby monkeys with two mothers. In one condition, milk was dispensed by the plain wire mother and in the second condition, milk was dispensed by the cloth covered mother

What were the findings of Harlow experiment?

The baby monkey cuddled the cloth covered mother in preference to the plain wired mother and sought comfort from the clothe one when frightened. This showered that contact comfort was more important to the monkey than food when it came to attachment.

What did Harlow suggest about critical period?

Harlow suggested that a mother figure had to be introduced to a young monkey within 90 days for an attachment to form, otherwise attachment was impossible and the damage become irreversible

What did maternal deprivation do to the monkeys as they grew into adults?

Monkeys raised with plain wire mothers were most dysfunctional and showed sign of abnormal social behaviour such as: more aggressive, less sociable, neglected their young and attacked their own children when they became mothers

Why is it an advantage that Harlow study was controlled under a highly controlled environment?

Extraneous variable are minimised and cause and effect relationship can be established

Why is Harlow study deterministic?

Says the Damage of maternal deprivation is irreversible where studies such as Rutter show it can be reversed with adequate care

Why is it a pro that Harlow study has other supporting studies?

Studies like Bowlby (1944) have used humans show the effect of maternal deprivation

Why may Harlow study be unethical?

The monkeys undergo lots of distress

Why may we struggle to generalise findings to humans?

Because animals and humans are different biologically speaking eg: human critical period is 2 years and monkeys is 90 days