VLP ultra flashcard set

canine puberty duration

6 months

what type of estrus cycle do canines have

monoestrus - one estrus per year

stages of the canine estrous cycle

proestrus

estrus - heat

metestrus

anestrus

when should a vaginal cytology begin

at the first sign of proestrus and repeat every few days until 70% cornified cells noted

ideal serial progesterone levels for breeding potential

>2ng/ml

5ng/ml preferred

how often should breedings take place

every other day for 2 - 3 breedings or until the female goes out of heat

how long does canine sperm live in uterus/oviducts of a female in estrus

4 - 6 days

anuclear

superficial

intermdiate

parabasal

anestrus

proestrus

estrus

cornified cells

how long does estrus last

4 - 8 days after LH surge

when is peak canine fertility

5 - 6 days after LH surge - 2 - 3 days before diestrus

diestrus

materials/equipment needed to perform vaginal cytology

microscope, slides, clean cotton swabs, saline solution, cell stain - modified wright’s or giemsa

clinical signs that warrant performing an ear cytology

pruritus, erythema, discharge, shaking head, head tilt, malodorous ears,

what type of things should be checked during an otoscopic exam

ensure tympanic membrane is intact, check for erythema, exudate deepeer in the canal, check for ectoparasites/foreign debris

what type of fixative should be used for an ear cytology

a methanol based fixative

what type of stain is appropriate for an ear cytology

diff quik or other romanowsky stain

three most common bacilli found in ear infections

pseudomonas aeruginosa ,proteus, e. coli

examples of surface level pyoderma

moist dermatitis, fold pyoderma, generalized bacteria overgrowth

examples of superficial pyoderma

bacterial folliculitis, epidermal collarettes, miliary dermatits

examples of deep pyoderma

pyogranulomatous, ulceration, draining tracts

What categories of inflammation can be identified in cytological samples?

suppurative, granulomatous, pyogranulomatous, and eosinophilic.

what evaluation is done on 40x

differentiate cell types present and in what proportion to one another

what evaluation is done on 100x

looking for nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities

how is suppurative inflammation classified

large number of neutrophils, >85% of total nucleated cells

how is pyogranulomatous inflammation classified

significant number of macrophages present 15 - 50% macrophagees

how is granulomatous inflammation classified

>50% macrophages

how is eosinophilic inflammation classified

presence of >10% eosinophils in the sample

karyolysis inflammation

rapid cell death - swollen, ragged nucleus without intact nuclear membrane

pyknosis inflammations

slow cell death (aging) small condensed nucleus

karyorrhexis inflammation

nuclear fragmentation - often follows pyknosis

what are the abnormal nuclear configurations

anisokaryosis, pleomorphism, high or variable nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, increased mitotic activity, coarse chromatin pattern, nuclear molding, multinucleation, nucleoli that vary in size

what does discolorations and increased turbidity mean in fluid evaluation

result of increased cell numbers and/protein

what does malodorous fluid mean

necrosis or infection

now is the normal total nucleated cell count

less that 10,000 nucleated cell/ul

tranudate

non inflammatory, vascular, stasis, neoplasia

modified transudate

FIP, chylous fluid, lymphatic fluid

exudate

iinflammatory, infection, necrosis

what are mesothelial cells

line the body cavity

what does increased mesothelial cells mean

increased fluid present - cells become reactive

what are mesothelial cells difficult to differentiate from

neoplastic cells

How are absolute WBC counts calculated from percentages?

Multiply the percentage of WBC type by total WBC count.

What are toxic changes in neutrophils?

Toxic granulation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytoplasmic basophilia.

What is the appearance of reactive lymphocytes?

They are larger with coarse chromatin and deep blue cytoplasm.

What visual characteristic distinguishes reactive monocytes?

Subtle granular or foamy appearance.

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin.

What does an increased number of nucleated RBCs in peripheral blood indicate?

It can indicate normoblastosis or a disease process.

Which components are involved in the hematopoietic system?

Bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph tissues.

How many types of reticulocytes are there?

Two types: punctate and aggregate.

What do you call the immature stages of granulocytes?

Myelocyte, metamyelocyte, and band.

What organ produces thrombopoietin?

The liver.

What is normoblastosis?

Increased nucleated red blood cells in peripheral blood.

What are the two types of proerythroblast?

Rubriblasts and prorubricytes.

How can reticulocytes be identified?

Using a vital stain or specific types of Romanowsky stains.

What indicates a strong regenerative response in anemia?

High numbers of reticulocytes.

What is a typical leukocyte response in dogs during leukocytosis?

30,000 to 50,000/μL, sometimes exceeding 100,000/μL.

What ranges are typical for equine leukocytosis?

15,000 to 40,000/μL.

What is a significant threshold for bovine leukocytes?

15,000/μL represents a dramatic response.

What indicates a degenerative left shift in leukocyte classifications?

An increase in band neutrophil numbers only, with segmented neutrophils normal or decreased.

What changes are commonly seen in a stress leukogram?

Neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and monocytosis.

What is the upper limit of leukocyte count in cats under stress?

About 75,000/μL.

What is the purpose of the urine sediment examination in veterinary medicine?

To evaluate the cellular and non-cellular components present in urine to detect abnormalities.

What is the standard volume ratio of urine supernatant to sediment in a microscopic urine sediment exam?

9:1 ratio.

What type of crystals are commonly found in the urine of horses and rabbits?

Calcium carbonate crystals.

What is the recommended centrifugation speed for urine sediment examination?

450G (1,000 – 2,000 rpm depending on the centrifuge).

When performing a urine sediment exam, how should the urine be mixed with the sediment after centrifugation?

Gently mix the urine sediment with the remaining supernatant.

What stains can be used for examining urine sediment?

Sedi-stain® or New Methylene Blue.

How do you report the quantity of constituents observed in urine sediment?

Report as Rare; 1+; 2+; 3+, 4+ (or few, moderate, many).

What cellular constituents can be found in urine sediment?

WBCs, RBCs, and epithelial cells.

What does the presence of more than 2-3 WBCs per high power field indicate?

Potential inflammatory or infectious process.

What condition can cause RBCs to be crenated in urine?

Concentrated urine or highly alkaline urine.

Where do squamous epithelial cells originate?

From the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce.

Why are transitional epithelial cells considered significant?

Their presence in increased numbers may indicate cystitis or pyelonephritis.

What distinguishes renal (tubular) epithelial cells?

They are round to cuboidal with a large, eccentrically placed nucleus.

How are casts formed in urine sediment?

In the lumen of the loop of Henle, distal tubules, and collecting ducts, where urine concentration and acidity are greatest.

What type of casts indicate renal bleeding?

RBC casts.

What is a characteristic of granular casts?

Indicates more severe kidney damage and contains cellular material from renal tubules.

What are fatty casts associated with?

Degeneration of renal tubules or lipid accumulation in the kidneys.

What factors affect crystal formation in urine?

Urine pH, concentration, temperature, and solubility of elements.

What is the appearance of struvite crystals in urine?

Six to eight sided prisms with tapering ends, found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine.

What defines calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals?

Small squares with an 'X' across the crystal resembling an envelope.

What clinical significance do ammonium biurates have?

They indicate portal vascular abnormalities and are most noted in Dalmatians.

Which crystals can indicate renal tubular dysfunction?

Cystine crystals.

What are typical features of molds in urine sediment?

Filamentous and usually branching; uncommon but serious if noted.

What clinical action should be taken if bacteria are found in urine?

Collect urine aseptically for culture.

What signifies the presence of yeast in urine specimens?

Characteristic budding and rare infections of the external genitalia.

What is the significance of lipid droplets in urine sediment?

Indicates possible conditions like obesity or diabetes mellitus, especially in cats.

What conditions can yield starch granules in urine sediment?

Contamination from powdered gloves used by technicians.

What are the key types of crystals identified in urine sediment?

Struvite, calcium oxalate, amorphous phosphates, and ammonium biurates.

What does the presence of tyrosine crystals suggest about an animal's health?

Possible liver disease.

How do transitional epithelial cells appear microscopically?

Larger than WBCs, may appear granular, and typically have small nuclei.

What common urinary issue can struvite crystals indicate in animals?

Urolithiasis.

What can be inferred from the presence of excessive renal epithelial cells in urine?

Potential kidney parenchyma disease.

When might mucus be found in urine sediment?

As a result of irritation in the urinary tract.