ANATOMY

anatomy

the structure of the Human Body

physiology

the function of the human body

cells

similar in structure join together to form tissue

tissues

that are grouped together to form organs

organs

tissues that are grouped together to perform a specific function

system

A group of organs working together to

perform a specific function

cells

 Basic Unit of Life and the building

blocks of the human body

 Invisible to the naked eye

 – respiration, nutrition, energy production,

waste elimination, reproduction and more

Functions within a the cell

 Cells reproduce by duplication and

division

basic structure of cell

a. Nucleus

b. Nuclear

membrane

c. Cytoplasm or

Protoplasm

d. Cell membrane

tissue

Cells similar in structure organize

themselves to form __

Types of Tissue

— Epithelial – skin, lining of body cavities

– Connective – bones, fatty tissue, blood

– Muscular – ability to contract for movement

– Nerve – communication system carries

messages to and from the brain

organs

___ are formed when different types of tissue are grouped together to

perform a specific function

– Brain

– Heart

– SkinOrgans

systems

• Organs working together

• Each system performs a specific

function

• but

• None are independent

• All must work together for the body to

function as a total organism

homeostasis

• “The reactions in the body that act and

counteract to maintain the body in a

normal physiological state.”

• Maintenance of the body conditions.

• Systems work together to do whatever is necessary to maintain __

2 types of nervous system

• central

• peripheral

11 SYSTEMS

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

– Central

– Peripheral

• Endocrine

• Reproductive

• Urinary and

Excretory

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Circulatory

skeletal system functions

• Shapes & Supports

- Protects organs

- Allows movement

 Replenishes blood

supply – produces

blood cells

 - Stores essential

minerals

skeletal system components

 Bones

 Joints

 Cartilage

 Tendons

 Ligaments

Axial Skeleton

Skull, chest, ribs and spinal column

Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones which extend from the axial column

• Arms, legs, clavicle, and scapula

 The pelvic cradle or hip bone

oste(o)

bone

arthro

joint

head

cephal(o)

chondr(o)

cartilage

crani(o)

skull

myel(o)

bone marrow

sacr(o)

tailbone

fibr(o)

fibre, connective tissue

ili(o)

hip bone

cost(o)

rib

synovi(o)

joint fluid

thorac(o)

chest

bones

• are living tissue – breaks heal

•  Hard outer material – cortical – tough

and strong – covered by tough

membrane (periosteum)

•  Soft, porous inner material – cancellous

bone – contains marrow where blood

cells are produced

joints

• Any place where bones meet

• Moveable – 4 types of movement

Gliding headGliding – sliding – as is moving one’s head

Ball & Socket – as in hip and shoulder

Pivot – as in the wrist

Hinge – knees, elbows and knuckles

–Immovable

Skull

cartilage

Flexible connective tissue

Ossification changes cartilage to bones

Supports body structures

–nose, ears

Connects ribs to sternum

At end of bones to serve as cushion to prevent rubbing together

–Synovial fluid in joints acts as lubricant

tendons

attach the muscles to the bones

ligaments

attach bones to each other

muscular system functions

Movement of body through space - locomotion

Movement of food and blood through the body

Move air in and out of lungsof the lungs

Produce heat

muscular system components

Skeletal -voluntary muscles - attached to bones

Smooth - Involuntary muscles – thin, flat sheets of tissue

Cardiac Muscle

my(o)

muscle

ten(o)

tendon

fibr(o)

fiber, connective tissue

facia

connective tissue

muscular system



More than 600 Muscles – 400 skeletal – shown here



Long, thin tissue fibers bundled by connective tissue tissue



Voluntary – we control when they contract

skeletal muscle

– Attached to bones by tendons

– Contract to move body parts

– Voluntary, except for reflexes

smooth muscle

– Function without conscious control

– Involuntary – blood circulation, peristalsis, breathing

cardiac muscle

– Woven mesh fibers throughout heart

– Involuntary

nervous system functions

 Communication

network

 Responds to

external and internal

stimuli

 Both automatic and

conscious

nervous system components

• Central Nervous

System

-brain & spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous system

- Outer network of nerves

- Sensory organs

Central Nervous System (CNS)

– Encephal(o) – brain

– Myel(o) – spinal cord

– Neur(o) – nerve

Peripheral Nervous System

– Dermat(o) – skin

– Gloss(o) – tongue

– Nas(o) – nose

– Occul(o), ophthalm(o) – eye

– Ot(o) – ear

Central Nervous System

 Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord

Body’s Main Control Unit

-Body’s CPU, RAM and e-mail

brain

-Spongy nerve tissue

Divided into 3 parts:

–  Cerebrum – largest part of the brain

 Cerebellum – second-largest part of the brain

 Brain stem / medulla oblongata – attach brain

to spinal cord

cerebrum

– memory, thought,

voluntary decisions,

interprets in from

sense organs

Interprets

information

 Allows one to

speak, think and

remember

 Controls most

voluntary muscle

contraction

 Forms personality,

emotions and

attitudes

cerebellum

• is located at bottom rear

of cerebrum –Adjusts motor impulses

• Controls muscular co-ordination, body

balance posture, equilibrium

brain stem

– lowest part, the medulla oblongata contains

the nerve centres that control many

automatic body processes, and connects the

brain to the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

 Peripheral means

outer

 Pertains to nerves

and sense organs

that connect the

CNS to remote parts

of the body

 The autonomic part

controls involuntary body functions

sense organs

-Include eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin

 Accessory organs - basically an

intelligence gathering network to let the

brain know the what is going on in and

around the body. The brain processes

the information and decides if and how

to react.

 Respond to light, sound, taste, chemicals,

heat and pressure

eye

-The body’s organ of vision.

 A ‘movie camera’

transmitting images of the environment

to the brain.

 Light enters through the lens, ‘paints a picture’ on the retina which is then send to the brain via the optic nerve

ear

-The organ of hearing

 Sound waves are

funneled by the

outer ear into the

middle ear which is

separated from the

fluid-filled inner ear

by the eardrum

 Inner ear transmits

messages to the

brain.

nose

 The organ of smell –

a chemical sense

 Warns of danger in

the air we breath

 Cilia filter large

impurities to help

keep lungs clear

tongue

-The organ of taste –

a chemical sense

 The body’s first

defense against

toxic substances.

 If it tastes bad for

us, it probably is.

skin

The __ is the body’s largest sensory

organ

 Some refer to the __ as a separate

body system

 Touch receptors allow us to distinguish

between heat, cold, sharp, dull,

pressure vs. no pressure

 Sense receptors stimulate nerves which

send messages to the brain

endocrine system functions

• Chemical messengers - hormones

• body functions

  • metabolism

  • growth

  • personality

  • each hormone is matched with a specific organ

endocrine system components

• Glands

- pituitary

- thyroid

-adrenal

-pancreas

-ovaries and testes

aden(o)

gland

oophor

ovary

orchi

testes

adren(o)

adrenal gland

thyr(o)

thyroid gland

endo

within

endocrine

means to secrete internally

glands

-pituitary

-thyroid

-adrenal glands

-pancreas

-ovaries and testes

pituitary

-Master gland

– Controls activity of all

other endocrine

glands

– Located at the base

of the brain

thyroid

Helps regulate rate

of metabolism

– Maintains levels of

calcium and

phosphorous in the

body

– Located at the base

of the neck just

below the larynx

adrenal glands

Releases adrenalin in

times of sudden

stress

– Increases heart rate

and physical strength

– Enhances ability to

think and respond in

emergency

– Located at top of

each kidney

pancreas

Produces insulin to

reduce blood sugar

level

– Produces glucogon

to increase blood

sugar level

– Located just below

the stomach

ovaries and testes

– Reproductive organs

– Ovaries produce estrogen and

progesterone

Located at end of fallopian tubes

– Testes Produce testosterone

 Located in the scrotum

reproductive system function

Produce new life

– testes produce sperm

– Female ovaries release

egg (ova)

– Both ova and sperm

contain chromosomes

 Produce hormones to

influence male/female

characteristics

reproductive system components

Ovaries

 Uterus

 Testes

andr(o)

male

gyne, gyno

female

colp(o)

vagina

endometrium

lining of the uterus

hyster(o)

uterus

mast(o)

breast

salping(o)

fallopian tube

ovum

egg

ova

eggs

female reproductive system

Completely internal

 Vagina – from entry to cervix (neck of

the uterus

 Uterus – hollow pear shaped organ –

holds and nourishes the fetus

 Fallopian tubes extend from either side

of the uterus – pathway for ova

 Ovaries at hip level on either side of

body – storage for eggs

vagina

from entry to cervix (neck of

the uterus

uterus

hollow pear shaped organ –

holds and nourishes the fetus

male reproductive system

Two testes produce sperm

 Sperm cells travel from testes through

epidiymus to vas deferns (where they

mature) and on to the seminal vesicle

 There are bathed with semen and, upon

ejaculation, are transported into the

female body to be fertilized and

produce a new life

urinary and excretory system functions

Formation of body

waste - liquid

 Elimination of body

waste - liquid

urinary and excretory system components

 Kidneys

 Urethra

 Ureters

 Bladder

Also excretory

 – Lungs

– Liver

– Skin

neph(ro)

kidney

renal

kidney

uro

urine

kidneys

– Basically a large filter

which extracts waste

substances from the

blood

– Waste substances

mix with water

extracted from the

blood to form urine

ureters

– Pathway for urine

from kidneys to

urinary bladder

– Peristaltic action of

ureters moves the

urine