11: pt 1

Death

Cessation of life and biological functioning.

Leading Causes of Death in 1900

Infectious diseases.

Leading Causes of Death Today

Primarily chronic diseases.

Preventable Causes of Death

Many major causes are linked to lifestyle choices.

Top Worldwide Cause of Death

Heart disease.

Other Major Causes of Death Worldwide

Stroke, respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, dementia, tuberculosis, and cirrhosis.

Unintentional Injury

Leading cause of death across multiple age groups.

Physiological Death

Failure of vital organs and bodily systems.

Signs of Physiological Death

Difficulty eating, breathing, and maintaining circulation.

Digestive System During Dying

Begins to shut down.

Respiratory System During Dying

Begins to shut down.

Mottling

Blotchy skin discoloration caused by slowing circulation.

Agonal Breathing

Gasping, labored breathing near death.

Brain Death

Complete absence of brain activity.

Clinical Death

Another term often used for brain death.

Vegetative State

Cerebral cortex inactive while brain stem remains active.

Social Death

Occurs when others begin withdrawing from a terminally ill person.

Examples of Social Death

Fewer visits, calls, and social interactions.

Psychological Death

Occurs when a dying person accepts death and withdraws inwardly.

Self-Empowerment Interventions

Help terminally ill individuals maintain control and mental health.

Bereavement

State of loss experienced after someone's death.

Grief

Psychological, emotional, and physical reaction to loss.

Mourning

Outward expression of grief.

Funeral Rites

Cultural expressions of loss and remembrance.

Purpose of Death Rituals

Provide closure and support for survivors.

Anticipatory Grief

Grief experienced before an expected death occurs.

Complicated Grief

Maladaptive grief involving persistent distress and dysfunction.

Disenfranchised Grief

Grief that is hidden, unsupported, or socially unrecognized.

Suicide Loss Grief

Often associated with guilt and questions of responsibility.

Duration of Intense Grief

Often lasts about two years or less.

Initial Stage of Grief

Commonly includes shock and disbelief.

Fading Affect Bias

Negative events lose emotional intensity faster than positive events.

Kübler-Ross Model

Five-stage model describing reactions to impending death and loss.

Denial

Refusal or difficulty accepting a loss or diagnosis.

Purpose of Denial

Allows overwhelming information to be processed gradually.

Anger

Reaction involving frustration, resentment, or outrage.

Purpose of Anger

Provides energy and structure during uncertainty.

Bargaining

Attempting to negotiate or imagine ways to reverse a loss.

Depression in Grief

Experiencing the full emotional weight of loss.

Acceptance

Acknowledging reality and learning to move forward.

Kübler-Ross Stages Order

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.

Kübler-Ross Model Limitation

Stages are not always experienced in order.

Worden's Task 1

Accept the reality of the loss.

Worden's Task 2

Process the pain of grief.

Worden's Task 3

Adjust to a world without the deceased.

Worden's Task 4

Maintain connection while moving forward emotionally.

Parkes Stage 1

Shock.

Parkes Stage 2

Yearning.

Parkes Stage 3

Despair.

Parkes Stage 4

Recovery.

Stroebe and Schut Model

Individuals alternate between grief-focused and restoration-focused coping.

Loss-Oriented Coping

Directly confronting grief and emotions.

Restoration-Oriented Coping

Adjusting to life changes and developing new roles.

Healthy Grieving

Talking about the loss and expressing emotions.

Healthy Grieving Strategy

Accepting a variety of emotions.

Healthy Grieving Strategy

Taking care of yourself and family.

Healthy Grieving Strategy

Supporting others affected by the loss.

Healthy Grieving Strategy

Remembering and celebrating loved ones.

Palliative Care

Specialized care focused on symptom relief and quality of life.

Goal of Palliative Care

Improve quality of life for patients and families.

Palliative Care Timing

Can occur at any stage of serious illness.

Hospice Care

End-of-life care without curative treatment.

Hospice Goal

Maximize comfort and quality of remaining life.

Hospice Focus Areas

Communication, collaboration, compassion, comfort, and cultural care.

Dame Cicely Saunders

Pioneer of modern hospice care.

Total Pain

Saunders' concept that suffering includes physical, emotional, social, and spiritual pain.

Euthanasia

Helping a person fulfill a wish to die.

Voluntary Euthanasia

Euthanasia requested by the individual.

Passive Euthanasia

Withholding food, water, or treatment to allow death.

Active Euthanasia

Administering a lethal medication to cause death.

Physician-Assisted Suicide

Physician provides means for a person to end their own life.

Difference Between Active Euthanasia and PAS

In PAS the individual administers the medication themselves.

Supreme Court Position on PAS

States may determine their own laws regarding physician-assisted suicide.

Practice Question 1 Answer

Unintentional injury was the leading cause of death across multiple age groups.

Practice Question 2 Answer

Physiological death involves failure of vital organs.

Practice Question 3 Answer

Passive euthanasia involves withholding food, water, or medication.